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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY , Vol 102, Issue 4 1227-1235, Copyright © 1993 by American Society of Plant Biologists
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CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION |
Cold-Induced Changes in Freezing Tolerance, Protein Phosphorylation, and Gene Expression (Evidence for a Role of Calcium)
A. F. Monroy, F. Sarhan and R. S. Dhindsa
Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada (A.F.M., R.S.D.)
The role of Ca2+ in cold-induced changes in protein phosphorylation, gene
expression, and development of freezing tolerance has been studied in
cell-suspension cultures of a freezing-tolerant cultivar of alfalfa
(Medicago sativa spp. falcata cv Anik). Chemical treatments to block Ca2+
channels, antagonize calmodulin action, or inhibit protein kinases markedly
inhibited the cellular capacity to develop cold-induced freezing tolerance
but had little effect on cell viability. An analysis of phosphoprotein
profile by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that
at low temperature the relative level of phosphorylation of several
proteins increased, whereas that of several others decreased. When cold
acclimation was carried out in the presence of
N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide hydrochloride, an
antagonist of calmodulin and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases, or the Ca2+
channel blocker La3+, the cold-induced changes in protein phosphorylation
were strongly inhibited, cells lost their capacity to develop freezing
tolerance, and accumulation of transcripts of cold acclimation-specific
genes was substantially reduced. An inhibitor of protein kinases,
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride, had less
pronounced effects on the cold-induced protein phosphorylation and caused
only a partial inhibition of the cold-induced development of freezing
tolerance and accumulation of the transcripts. The level of phosphorylation
of one protein, of about 15 kD, increased more than 10-fold at low
temperature and showed a strong positive correlation with cold-induced
freezing tolerance and gene expression even when the latter were altered
with various chemical treatments. These results suggest that Ca2+ and
protein phosphorylation, or perhaps a coupling of the two, play an
important role during the acquisition of freezing tolerance during cold
acclimation.
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