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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY , Vol 106, Issue 1 45-51, Copyright © 1994 by American Society of Plant Biologists
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND STRESS PHYSIOLOGY |
Disruption of Maize Kernel Growth and Development by Heat Stress (Role of Cytokinin/Abscisic Acid Balance)
N. Cheikh and R. J. Jones
Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Temperature stress during kernel development affects maize (Zea mays L.)
grain growth and yield stability. Maize kernels (hybrid A619 x W64A) were
cultured in vitro at 3 d after pollination and either maintained at
25[deg]C or transferred to 35[deg]C for 4 or 8 d, then returned to 25[deg]C
until physiological maturity. Kernel fresh and dry matter accumulation was
severely disrupted by the long-term heat stress (8 d at 35[deg]C) and did
not recover when transferred back to 25[deg]C, resulting in abortion of 97%
of the kernels. Kernels exposed to 35[deg]C for 4 d (short-term heat
stress) exhibited a recovery in kernel growth and water content at about 18
d after pollination and kernel abortion was reduced to about 23%. During
the cell division phase, abscisic acid (ABA) levels showed a steady decline
in the control but maintained a moderate level in the heat-stressed
kernels. However, later in development heat-stressed kernels had
significantly higher levels of ABA than the control. Cytokinin analysis
confirmed a peak in zeatin riboside and zeatin levels in control kernels at
10 to 12d after pollination. In contrast, kernels subjected to 4 d of heat
stress had no detectable levels of zeatin and the zeatin riboside peak was
reduced by 70% and delayed until 18 d after pollination. The long-term
heat-stressed kernels showed low to nondetectable levels of either zeatin
riboside or zeatin. Regression analysis of ABA level against cytokinin
level during the endosperm cell division phase revealed a highly
significant negative correlation in nonstressed kernels but no correlation
in kernels exposed to short-term or long-term heat stress. Application of
benzyladenine to heat-stressed, growth-chamber-grown plants increased
thermotolerance in part by reducing kernel abortion at the tip and middle
positions on the ear. These results confirm that shift in hormone balance
of kernels is one mechanism by which heat stress disrupts maize kernel
development. The maintenance of high levels of cytokinins in the kernels
during heat stress appears to be important in increasing thermotolerance
and providing yield stability of maize.
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