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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY , Vol 107, Issue 3 695-702, Copyright © 1995 by American Society of Plant Biologists
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GENE REGULATION AND MOLECULAR GENETICS |
Identification of Endogenous Gibberellins in Petunia Flowers (Induction of Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Gene Expression and the Antagonistic Effect of Abscisic Acid)
D. Weiss, A. van der Luit, E. Knegt, E. Vermeer, JNM. Mol and J. M. Kooter
Department of Genetics, Institute for Molecular Biological Sciences, BioCentrum Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.d.L., J.N.M.M., J.M.K.)
The elongation and pigmentation of corollas of Petunia hybrida requires the
presence of anthers. The ability of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) to
substitute for the anthers suggests a role for endogenous GAs. Here we
report the identification of endogenous GAs in corollas and in anthers and
show that both tissues contain detectable levels of GA1, GA4, and GA9, of
which GA4 is the most abundant. These GAs stimulate corolla pigmentation,
chalcone synthase (chs) mRNA accumulation, and chs transcription in an in
vitro flower bud culture system. Methyl ester derivatives of GA3 and GA4
were not active but did not inhibit the bioactive GAs. Even though it is
unknown whether abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in corolla maturation, ABA
inhibited pigmentation of intact flowers, overruling the effect of the
anthers. In detached flower buds it was shown that ABA prevented activation
of the chs promoter by GA3. The synthesis of anthocyanin pigments requires
the coordinate expression of at least 15 structural genes. Expression of
early biosynthetic genes and of late biosynthetic genes are regulated by
different transcriptional activators. GA induces both classes of genes with
similar kinetics, indicating that GA acts relatively early in the signaling
pathway.
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