PLANT PHYSIOLOGY , Vol 108, Issue 1 369-377, Copyright © 1995 by American Society of Plant Biologists

PLANT-MICROBE AND PLANT-INSECT INTERACTIONS

Leaf Epicuticular Waxes of the Eceriferum Mutants in Arabidopsis

M. A. Jenks, H. A. Tuttle, S. D. Eigenbrode and K. A. Feldmann
Department of Plant Sciences (M.A.J., H.A.T., K.A.F.) and Department of Entomology (S.D.E.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721

Wild-type Arabidopsis leaf epicuticular wax (EW) occurs as a smooth layer over the epidermal surface, whereas stem EW has a crystalline microstructure. Wild-type EW load was more than 10-fold lower on leaves than on stems. Compared with the EW on wild-type stems, EW on wild-type leaves had a much higher proportion of their total EW load in the form of alkanes and 1-alcohols; a large reduction in secondary alcohols, ketones, and esters; and a chain-length distribution for major EW classes that was skewed toward longer lengths. The eceriferum (cer) mutations often differentially affected leaf and stem EW chemical compositions. For example, the cer2 mutant EW phenotype was expressed on the stem but not on the leaf. Compared to wild type, the amount of primary alcohols on cer9 mutants was reduced on leaves but elevated on stems, whereas an opposite differential effect for primary alcohols was observed on cer16 leaves and stems. Putative functions for CER gene products are discussed. The CER4 and CER6 gene products may be involved in fatty aldehyde reduction and C26 fatty acylcoenzyme A elongation, respectively. CER1, CER8, CER9, and CER16 gene products may be involved in EW substrate transfer. The CER3 gene product may be involved in release of fatty acids from elongase complexes. CER2 gene product may have regulatory functions.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				P. J. Peters, M. A. Jenks, P. J. Rich, J. D. Axtell, and G. Ejeta Mutagenesis, Selection, and Allelic Analysis of Epicuticular Wax Mutants in Sorghum Crop Sci., June 26, 2009; 49(4): 1250 - 1258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Wen and R. Jetter Composition of secondary alcohols, ketones, alkanediols, and ketols in Arabidopsis thaliana cuticular waxes J. Exp. Bot., April 3, 2009; (2009) erp061v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Reina-Pinto, D. Voisin, S. Kurdyukov, A. Faust, R. P. Haslam, L. V. Michaelson, N. Efremova, B. Franke, L. Schreiber, J. A. Napier, et al. Misexpression of FATTY ACID ELONGATION1 in the Arabidopsis Epidermis Induces Cell Death and Suggests a Critical Role for Phospholipase A2 in This Process PLANT CELL, April 1, 2009; 21(4): 1252 - 1272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. D. Firn and C. G. Jones A Darwinian view of metabolism: molecular properties determine fitness J. Exp. Bot., March 1, 2009; 60(3): 719 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Li, X. Wu, P. Lam, D. Bird, H. Zheng, L. Samuels, R. Jetter, and L. Kunst Identification of the Wax Ester Synthase/Acyl-Coenzyme A:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase WSD1 Required for Stem Wax Ester Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, September 1, 2008; 148(1): 97 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Panikashvili, S. Savaldi-Goldstein, T. Mandel, T. Yifhar, R. B. Franke, R. Hofer, L. Schreiber, J. Chory, and A. Aharoni The Arabidopsis DESPERADO/AtWBC11 Transporter Is Required for Cutin and Wax Secretion Plant Physiology, December 1, 2007; 145(4): 1345 - 1360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Saladie, A. J. Matas, T. Isaacson, M. A. Jenks, S. M. Goodwin, K. J. Niklas, R. Xiaolin, J. M. Labavitch, K. A. Shackel, A. R. Fernie, et al. A Reevaluation of the Key Factors That Influence Tomato Fruit Softening and Integrity Plant Physiology, June 1, 2007; 144(2): 1012 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-H. Jung, M.-J. Han, D.-y. Lee, Y.-S. Lee, L. Schreiber, R. Franke, A. Faust, A. Yephremov, H. Saedler, Y.-W. Kim, et al. Wax-deficient anther1 Is Involved in Cuticle and Wax Production in Rice Anther Walls and Is Required for Pollen Development PLANT CELL, November 1, 2006; 18(11): 3015 - 3032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Rowland, H. Zheng, S. R. Hepworth, P. Lam, R. Jetter, and L. Kunst CER4 Encodes an Alcohol-Forming Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Reductase Involved in Cuticular Wax Production in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, November 1, 2006; 142(3): 866 - 877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. D. Cameron, M. A. Teece, and L. B. Smart Increased Accumulation of Cuticular Wax and Expression of Lipid Transfer Protein in Response to Periodic Drying Events in Leaves of Tree Tobacco Plant Physiology, January 1, 2006; 140(1): 176 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Suh, A. L. Samuels, R. Jetter, L. Kunst, M. Pollard, J. Ohlrogge, and F. Beisson Cuticular Lipid Composition, Surface Structure, and Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Stem Epidermis Plant Physiology, December 1, 2005; 139(4): 1649 - 1665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Chen, S. M. Goodwin, X. Liu, X. Chen, R. A. Bressan, and M. A. Jenks Mutation of the RESURRECTION1 Locus of Arabidopsis Reveals an Association of Cuticular Wax with Embryo Development Plant Physiology, October 1, 2005; 139(2): 909 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Sturaro, H. Hartings, E. Schmelzer, R. Velasco, F. Salamini, and M. Motto Cloning and Characterization of GLOSSY1, a Maize Gene Involved in Cuticle Membrane and Wax Production Plant Physiology, May 1, 2005; 138(1): 478 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. L. Fatland, B. J. Nikolau, and E. S. Wurtele Reverse Genetic Characterization of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Generation by ATP-Citrate Lyase in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, January 1, 2005; 17(1): 182 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Wang, G. Holroyd, A. M. Hetherington, and C. K-Y. Ng Seeing 'cool' and 'hot'--infrared thermography as a tool for non-invasive, high-throughput screening of Arabidopsis guard cell signalling mutants J. Exp. Bot., June 1, 2004; 55(400): 1187 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Chen, S. M. Goodwin, V. L. Boroff, X. Liu, and M. A. Jenks Cloning and Characterization of the WAX2 Gene of Arabidopsis Involved in Cuticle Membrane and Wax Production PLANT CELL, May 1, 2003; 15(5): 1170 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Fiebig, J. A. Mayfield, N. L. Miley, S. Chau, R. L. Fischer, and D. Preuss Alterations in CER6, a Gene Identical to CUT1, Differentially Affect Long-Chain Lipid Content on the Surface of Pollen and Stems PLANT CELL, October 1, 2000; 12(10): 2001 - 2008. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Sieber, M. Schorderet, U. Ryser, A. Buchala, P. Kolattukudy, J.-P. Métraux, and C. Nawrath Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Expressing a Fungal Cutinase Show Alterations in the Structure and Properties of the Cuticle and Postgenital Organ Fusions PLANT CELL, May 1, 2000; 12(5): 721 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Yephremov, E. Wisman, P. Huijser, C. Huijser, K. Wellesen, and H. Saedler Characterization of the FIDDLEHEAD Gene of Arabidopsis Reveals a Link between Adhesion Response and Cell Differentiation in the Epidermis PLANT CELL, November 1, 1999; 11(11): 2187 - 2202. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. A. Millar, S. Clemens, S. Zachgo, E. M. Giblin, D. C. Taylor, and L. Kunst CUT1, an Arabidopsis Gene Required for Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Pollen Fertility, Encodes a Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Condensing Enzyme PLANT CELL, May 1, 1999; 11(5): 825 - 838. [Abstract] [Full Text]