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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY , Vol 113, Issue 2 327-334, Copyright © 1997 by American Society of Plant Biologists
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WHOLE PLANT, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND STRESS PHYSIOLOGY |
Observations of Ice Nucleation and Propagation in Plants Using Infrared Video Thermography
M. Wisniewski, S. E. Lindow and E. N. Ashworth
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 45 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430 (M.W.)
We evaluated the use of infrared (IR) video thermography to observe
directly ice nucleation and propagation in plants. An imaging radiometer
with an HgCdTe long-wave (8-12 [mu]m) detector was utilized to image the
thermal response of plants during freezing. IR images were analyzed in real
time and recorded on videotape. Information on the videotape was
subsequently accessed and analyzed utilizing IR image analysis software.
Freezing of water droplets as small as 0.5 [mu]L was clearly detectable
with the radiometer. Additionally, a comparison of temperature tracking
data collected by the radiometer with data collected with thermocouples
showed close correspondence. Monitoring of an array of plant species under
different freezing conditions revealed that ice nucleation and propagation
are readily observable by thermal imaging. In many instances, the ice
nucleation-active bacterium Pseudomonas syringae placed on test plants
could be seen to initiate freezing of the whole plant. Apparent ice
nucleation by intrinsic nucleators, despite the presence of ice
nucleation-active bacteria, was also evident in some species. Floral bud
tissues of peach (Prunus persica) could be seen to supercool below the
temperature of stem tissues, and ice nucleation at the site of insertion of
the thermocouple was frequently observed. Rates of propagation of ice in
different tissues were also easily measured by thermal imaging. This study
demonstrates that IR thermography is an excellent method for studying ice
nucleation and propagation in plants.
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