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Apoplastic Sugars, Fructans, Fructan Exohydrolase, and Invertase in Winter Oat: Responses to Second-Phase Cold Hardening

David P. Livingston III* and Cynthia A. Henson

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (D.P.L., C.A.H.), and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7629, 840 Method Road Unit III, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7629 (D.P.L.); and Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (C.A.H.)

Changes in apoplastic carbohydrate concentrations and activities of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes were determined in crown tissues of oat (Avena sativa L., cv Wintok) during cold hardening. During second-phase hardening (-3°C for 3 d) levels of fructan, sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the apoplast increased significantly above that in nonhardened and first-phase-hardened plants. The extent of the increase in apoplastic fructan during second-phase hardening varied with the degree of fructan polymerization (DP) (e.g. DP3 and DP4 increased to a greater extent than DP7 and DP > 7). Activities of invertase and fructan exohydrolase in the crown apoplast increased approximately 4-fold over nonhardened and first-phase-hardened plants. Apoplastic fluid extracted from nonhardened, first-phase-hardened, and second-phase-hardened crown tissues had low levels, of symplastic contamination, as determined by malate dehydrogenase activity. The significance of these results in relation to increases in freezing tolerance from second-phase hardening is discussed.

*   Corresponding author; e-mail dpl{at}unity.ncsu.edu; fax 1-919-515-2305.

Plant Physiol. (1998) 116: 403-408
Copyright Clearance Center:   0032-0889/98/116/0403/06
© 1998 American Society of Plant Physiologists




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