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Activation of the Maize Anthocyanin Gene a2 Is Mediated by an Element Conserved in Many Anthocyanin Promoters1

Marc Louis Lesnick2 and Vicki Lynn Chandler3, *

Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403

Two transcription factors, C1 (a Myb-domain protein) and B (a basic-helix-loop-helix protein), mediate transcriptional activation of the anthocyanin-biosynthetic genes of maize (Zea mays). To begin to assess the mechanism of activation, the sequences required for C1- and B-mediated induction have been determined for the a2 promoter, which encodes an anthocyanin-biosynthetic enzyme. Analysis of a series of 7- to 13-base-pair substitutions revealed two regions crucial for activation. One region, centered at -99, contained a C1-binding site that abolished C1 binding. The other crucial region was adjacent, centered at -91. C1 binding was not detected at this site, and mutation of this site did not prevent C1 binding at -99. An oligonucleotide dimer containing these two crucial elements was sufficient for C1 and B activation of a heterologous promoter. These data suggest that activation of the anthocyanin genes involves C1 and another factor binding at closely adjacent sites. Mutating a previously postulated anthocyanin consensus sequence within a2 did not significantly reduce activation by C1 and B. However, sequence comparisons of the crucial a2 regions with sequences important for C1- and B-mediated activation in two other anthocyanin promoters led to a revised consensus element shared by these promoters.

1   This research was supported by a National Science Foundation grant (no. MCB 9248180 to V.L.C.) and by a National Institutes of Health predoctoral training grant (no. 5T32HD07348 to M.L.L.).
2   Present address: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
3   Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Hall, Building 36, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
*   Corresponding author; e-mail chandler{at}ag.arizona.edu; fax 1-520-621-7186.

Plant Physiol. (1998) 117: 437-445
Copyright Clearance Center:   0032-0889/98/117/0437/09
© 1998 American Society of Plant Physiologists




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