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Alterations in the Cytoskeleton Accompany Aluminum-Induced Growth Inhibition and Morphological Changes in Primary Roots of Maize1

Elison B. Blancaflor2, David L. Jones2, and Simon Gilroy*

Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (E.B.B., S.G.); and School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom (D.L.J.)

Although Al is one of the major factors limiting crop production, the mechanisms of toxicity remain unknown. The growth inhibition and swelling of roots associated with Al exposure suggest that the cytoskeleton may be a target of Al toxicity. Using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, microtubules and microfilaments in maize (Zea mays L.) roots were visualized and changes in their organization and stability correlated with the symptoms of Al toxicity. Growth studies showed that the site of Al toxicity was associated with the elongation zone. Within this region, Al resulted in a reorganization of microtubules in the inner cortex. However, the orientation of microtubules in the outer cortex and epidermis remained unchanged even after chronic symptoms of toxicity were manifest. Auxin-induced reorientation and cold-induced depolymerization of microtubules in the outer cortex were blocked by Al pretreatment. These results suggest that Al increased the stability of microtubules in these cells. The stabilizing effect of Al in the outer cortex coincided with growth inhibition. Reoriented microfilaments were also observed in Al-treated roots, and Al pretreatment minimized cytochalasin B-induced microfilament fragmentation. These data show that reorganization and stabilization of the cytoskeleton are closely associated with Al toxicity in maize roots.

1   This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (to S.G.), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (to D.L.J. and S.G.), the Royal Society, and the Nuffield Foundation (to D.L.J.).
2   These authors contributed equally to the paper.
*   Corresponding author; e-mail sxg12{at}email.psu.edu; fax 1-814-865-9131.

Plant Physiol. (1998) 118: 159-172
Copyright Clearance Center:   0032-0889/98/118//14
© 1998 American Society of Plant Physiologists




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