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A Steep Dependence of Inward-Rectifying Potassium Channels on
Cytosolic Free Calcium Concentration Increase Evoked by
Hyperpolarization in Guard Cells1
Alexander Grabov and
Michael R. Blatt*
Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of
London, Wye College, Wye, Kent TN25 5AH, United Kingdom
Inactivation of inward-rectifying
K+ channels (IK,in) by a rise in
cytosolic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i)
is a key event leading to solute loss from guard cells and stomatal
closure. However, [Ca2+]i action on
IK,in has never been quantified, nor are its
origins well understood. We used membrane voltage to manipulate
[Ca2+]i (A. Grabov and M.R. Blatt [1998]
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 4778-4783) while recording
IK,in under a voltage clamp and
[Ca2+]i by Fura-2 fluorescence
ratiophotometry. IK,in inactivation correlated positively with [Ca2+]i and
indicated a Ki of 329 ± 31 nM with cooperative binding of four Ca2+ ions
per channel. IK,in was promoted by the
Ca2+ channel antagonists Gd3+ and calcicludine,
both of which suppressed the [Ca2+]i rise,
but the [Ca2+]i rise was unaffected by the
K+ channel blocker Cs+. We also found that
ryanodine, an antagonist of intracellular Ca2+ channels
that mediate Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, blocked
the [Ca2+]i rise, and Mn2+
quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence showed that membrane hyperpolarization triggered divalent release from intracellular stores. These and additional results point to a high signal gain in
[Ca2+]i control of
IK,in and to roles for discrete
Ca2+ flux pathways in feedback control of the
K+ channels by membrane voltage.
1
This work was supported by grants from the
Gatsby Charitable Foundation, the Royal Society, Human Frontiers
Science Program (no. RG95/303 M), and the European Community Biotech
(no. CT96-0062). A.G. was supported by the British Biotechnology and
Biological Sciences Research Council (grant no. 32/C098-1).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail mblatt{at}wye.ac.uk; fax
44-1233-813-140.
Plant Physiol. (1999) 119: 277-288
Copyright Clearance Center: 0032-0889/99/119//12
© 1999 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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