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Plant Physiol, October 1999, Vol. 121, pp. 665-674
Snow-Mold-Induced Apoplastic Proteins in Winter Rye Leaves Lack
Antifreeze Activity1
Mervi
Hiilovaara-Teijo,2*
Asko
Hannukkala,
Marilyn
Griffith,
Xiao-Ming
Yu, and
Kaarina
Pihakaski-Maunsbach3
Department of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular
Biology, FIN-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland (M.H.-T.,
K.P.-M.); Agricultural Research Centre, Institute of Plant Protection,
FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland (A.H.); and Department of Biology,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 (M.G.,
X.-M.Y.)
During
cold acclimation, winter rye (Secale cereale L.) plants
secrete antifreeze proteins that are similar to pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. In this experiment, the secretion of PR proteins was
induced at warm temperatures by infection with pink snow mold (Microdochium nivale), a pathogen of overwintering
cereals. A comparison of cold-induced and pathogen-induced proteins
showed that PR proteins accumulated in the leaf apoplast to a greater level in response to cold. The PR proteins induced by cold and by snow
mold were similar when separated by sodium dodecyl
sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and examined by
immunoblotting. Both groups of PR proteins contained glucanase-like,
chitinase-like, and thaumatin-like proteins, and both groups exhibited
similar levels of glucanase and chitinase activities. However, only the
PR proteins induced by cold exhibited antifreeze activity. Our findings
suggest that the cold-induced PR proteins may be isoforms that function
as antifreeze proteins to modify the growth of ice during freezing while also providing resistance to the growth of low-temperature pathogens in advance of infection. Both functions of the cold-induced PR proteins may improve the survival of overwintering cereals.
1
This work was supported by research grants from
the Academy of Finland (project no. 29502 to K.P.-M.) and from the
Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (to M.G.).
2
Present address: Dr. Mervi Hiilovaara-Teijo
(former name Antikainen), Department of Biosciences, Division of
Genetics, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
3
Present address: Department of Cell Biology,
Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail
Mervi.Hiilovaara-Teijo{at}Helsinki.Fi; fax 358-9-708-59079.
© 1999 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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