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Plant Physiol, December 1999, Vol. 121, pp. 1191-1205
Direct Measurement of Xylem Pressure in Leaves of Intact Maize
Plants. A Test of the Cohesion-Tension Theory Taking Hydraulic
Architecture into Consideration1
Chunfang
Wei,
Melvin T.
Tyree,* and
Ernst
Steudle
Department of Botany, Marsh Life Sciences Building,
University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05402 (C.W.); United States
Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 705 Spear Street, Burlington,
Vermont 05402 (M.T.T.); and Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenökologie,
Universität Bayreuth, UniversitätStrasse 30, D-95440
Bayreuth, Germany (E.S.)
The water relations of maize (Zea mays L. cv Helix)
were documented in terms of hydraulic architecture and xylem pressure. A high-pressure flowmeter was used to characterize the hydraulic resistances of the root, stalk, and leaves. Xylem pressure measurements were made with a Scholander-Hammel pressure bomb and with a cell pressure probe. Evaporation rates were measured by gas exchange and by
gravimetric measurements. Xylem pressure was altered by changing the
light intensity, by controlling
irrigation, or by gas pressure applied to the soil mass (using a root
pressure bomb). Xylem pressure measured by the cell pressure probe and
by the pressure bomb agreed over the entire measured range of 0 to
 0.7 MPa. Experiments were consistent with the cohesion-tension
theory. Xylem pressure changed rapidly and reversibly with changes in light intensity and root-bomb pressure. Increasing the root-bomb pressure increased the evaporation rate slightly when xylem pressure was negative and increased water flow rate through the shoots dramatically when xylem pressure was positive and guttation was observed. The hydraulic architecture model could predict all observed changes in water flow rate and xylem. We measured the cavitation threshold for oil- and water-filled pressure probes and provide some
suggestions for improvement.
1
This work was supported by a research award
(Humboldt-Forschungspreis) by the Humboldt Foundation (Bonn) to M.T.T.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail meltyree{at}aol.com; fax
802-951-6368.
© 1999 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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