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Plant Physiol, March 2000, Vol. 122, pp. 793-802
Detoxification of Arsenic by Phytochelatins in
Plants1
Marcus E.V.
Schmöger,2
Matjaz
Oven,2 and
Erwin
Grill*
Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität
München, Biologikum-Weihenstephan, Am Hochanger 4, 85350 Freising, Germany (M.E.V.S., E.G.); and Lehrstuhl für
Pharmazeutische Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Karlstrasse 29, 80333 Munich, Germany (M.O.)
As is a
ubiquitous element present in the atmosphere as well as in the aquatic
and terrestrial environments. Arsenite and arsenate are the major forms
of As intoxication, and these anions are readily taken up by plants.
Both anions efficiently induce the biosynthesis of phytochelatins (PCs)
([ -glutamate-cysteine]n-glycine) in vivo and in vitro.
The rapid induction of the metal-binding PCs has been observed in cell
suspension cultures of Rauvolfia serpentina, in
seedlings of Arabidopsis, and in enzyme preparations of Silene
vulgaris upon challenge to arsenicals. The rate of PC formation
in enzyme preparations was lower compared with Cd-induced biosynthesis,
but was accompanied by a prolonged induction phase that resulted
finally in higher peptide levels. An approximately 3:1 ratio of the
sulfhydryl groups from PCs to As is compatible with reported
As-glutathione complexes. The identity of the As-induced PCs and of
reconstituted metal-peptide complexes has unequivocally been
demonstrated by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Gel
filtration experiments and inhibitor studies also indicate a
complexation and detoxification of As by the induced PCs.
1
This work was supported by the German-Israeli
Foundation (to M.O.) and by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (to
E.G.).
2
These authors contributed equally to the paper.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail grill{at}botanik.biologie.tu-muenchen.de;
fax 49-8161-715471.
© 2000 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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