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Plant Physiol, April 2000, Vol. 122, pp. 1171-1178
Reduction and Coordination of Arsenic in Indian
Mustard1
Ingrid J.
Pickering,
Roger C.
Prince,
Martin J.
George,
Robert D.
Smith,
Graham N.
George, and
David E.
Salt*
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University,
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, California 94309 (I.J.P., M.J.G., G.N.G.); Exxon Mobil Research and Engineering Company,
Annandale, New Jersey 08801 (R.C.P.); DeKalb Genetics Corporation,
Mystic, Connecticut 06355 (R.D.S.); and Chemistry Department, Northern
Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 (D.E.S.)
The bioaccumulation of arsenic by
plants may provide a means of removing this element from contaminated
soils and waters. However, to optimize this process it is important to
understand the biological mechanisms involved. Using a combination of
techniques, including x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we have
established the biochemical fate of arsenic taken up by Indian mustard
(Brassica juncea). After arsenate uptake by the roots,
possibly via the phosphate transport mechanism, a small fraction is
exported to the shoot via the xylem as the oxyanions arsenate and
arsenite. Once in the shoot, the arsenic is stored as an
AsIII-tris-thiolate complex. The majority of
the arsenic remains in the roots as an
AsIII-tris-thiolate complex, which is
indistinguishable from that found in the shoots and from
AsIII-tris-glutathione. The thiolate donors
are thus probably either glutathione or phytochelatins. The addition of
the dithiol arsenic chelator dimercaptosuccinate to the hydroponic
culture medium caused a 5-fold-increased arsenic level in the leaves,
although the total arsenic accumulation was only marginally increased. This suggests that the addition of dimercaptosuccinate to
arsenic-contaminated soils may provide a way to promote arsenic
bioaccumulation in plant shoots, a process that will be essential for
the development of an efficient phytoremediation strategy for this element.
1
Research at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory (SSRL) was supported by the Department of Energy, Office of
Basic Energy Sciences (contract no. DE-AC03-76SF00515) and by the
SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program, which is supported by the
National Institutes of Health, the National Center for Research
Resources, Biomedical Technology Program, and the Department of Energy,
Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The Department of
Energy, Environmental Management Science Program/Basic Energy
Biosciences (contract no. DE-FG07-98ER20295 to D.E.S.) and Phytotech
also supported this work.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail david.salt{at}nau.edu; fax
520-523-8111.
© 2000 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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