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Plant Physiol, August 2000, Vol. 123, pp. 1471-1482
A Minimal Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Circadianly Regulates
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Activity in Crassulacean
Acid Metabolism-Induced Leaves of the Common Ice
Plant1
Tahar
Taybi,2
Shameekumar
Patil,3
Raymond
Chollet, and
John C.
Cushman4*
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 147 Noble
Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
74078-3035 (T.T., J.C.C.); and Department of Biochemistry, University
of Nebraska, George W. Beadle Center, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
(S.P., R.C.)
Plant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc)
activity and allosteric properties are regulated by PEPc kinase (PPcK)
through reversible phosphorylation of a specific serine (Ser) residue near the N terminus. We report the molecular cloning of PPcK from the
facultative Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) common ice plant
(Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), using a
protein-kinase-targeted differential display reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction approach. M. crystallinum PPcK encodes a minimal,
Ca2+-independent Ser/threonine protein kinase that is most
closely related to calcium-dependent protein kinases, yet lacks both
the calmodulin-like and auto-inhibitory domains typical of plant
calcium-dependent protein kinase. In the common ice plant PPcK belongs
to a small gene family containing two members. McPPcK transcript
accumulation is controlled by a circadian oscillator in a
light-dependent manner. McPPcK encodes a 31.8-kD polypeptide (279 amino
acids), making it among the smallest protein kinases characterized to
date. Initial biochemical analysis of the purified, recombinant McPPcK
gene product documented that this protein kinase specifically
phosphorylates PEPc from CAM and C4 species at a single,
N-terminal Ser (threonine) residue but fails to phosphorylate mutated
forms of C4 PEPc in which this specific site has been
changed to tyrosine or aspartate. McPPcK activity was specific
for PEPc, Ca2+-insensitive, and displayed an alkaline pH
optimum. Furthermore, recombinant McPPcK was shown to reverse the
sensitivity of PEPc activity to L-malate inhibition in
CAM-leaf extracts prepared during the day, but not at night,
documenting that PPcK contributes to the circadian regulation of
photosynthetic carbon flux in CAM plants.
1
This work was supported in part by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture/National Research Initiative-Competitive
Grants Program (grant nos. 95-37100-1613 and 98-35100-6035 to
J.C.C.), the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant nos. MCB-9315928
and MCB-9727236 to R.C.), and the Oklahoma and Nebraska Agricultural
Experiment Stations.
2
Present address: Department of Agricultural and
Environmental Sciences, 147 King George Building, University of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
3
Present address: Corning Inc., Corning, NY 14831.
4
Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail jcushman{at}unr.edu; fax
775-784-1650.
© 2000 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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