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Plant Physiol, February 2001, Vol. 125, pp. 711-717
Molecular Interactions between the Specialist Herbivore
Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and Its Natural
Host Nicotiana attenuata. III. Fatty Acid-Amino Acid
Conjugates in Herbivore Oral Secretions Are Necessary and
Sufficient for Herbivore-Specific Plant
Responses1
Rayko
Halitschke,
Ursula
Schittko,
Georg
Pohnert,2
Wilhelm
Boland,2 and
Ian T.
Baldwin*
Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institut for Chemical
Ecology, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany
Feeding by the tobacco specialist Manduca sexta
(Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and application of larval oral
secretions and regurgitant (R) to mechanical wounds are known to
elicit: (a) a systemic release of mono- and sesquiterpenes, (b) a
jasmonate burst, and (c) R-specific changes in transcript accumulation
of putatively growth- and defense-related mRNAs in Nicotiana
attenuata Torr. ex Wats. We identified several fatty acid-amino
acid conjugates (FACs) in the R of M. sexta and the closely
related species Manduca quinquemaculata which, when synthesized and applied to mechanical wounds at concentrations comparable with those found in R, elicited all three R-specific responses. Ion-exchange treatment of R, which removed all detectable FACs and free fatty acids (FAs), also removed all detectable activity. The biological activity of ion-exchanged R could be completely restored
by the addition of synthetic FACs at R-equivalent concentrations, whereas the addition of FAs did not restore the biological activity of
R. We conclude that the biological activity of R is not related to the
supply of FAs to the octadecanoid cascade for endogenous jasmonate
biosynthesis, but that FACs elicit the herbivore-specific responses by
another mechanism and that the insect-produced modification of
plant-derived FAs is necessary for the plant's recognition of this
specialized herbivore.
1
This work was supported by the Max Planck Gesellschaft.
2
Present address: Department of Bioorganics, Max Planck
Institute for Chemical Ecology, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail baldwin{at}ice.mpg.de; fax
49-0-3641-643653.
© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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