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Plant Physiol, March 2001, Vol. 125, pp. 1283-1292
Active Retrotransposons Are a Common Feature of Grass
Genomes
Carlos M.
Vicient,
Marko J.
Jääskeläinen,
Ruslan
Kalendar, and
Alan H.
Schulman2*
Plant Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki
Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 6, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
A large fraction of the genomes of grasses, members of the family
Graminae, is composed of retrotransposons. These elements resemble
animal retroviruses in their structure and possess a life cycle similar
to theirs that includes transcription, translation, and integration of
daughter copies. We have investigated if retrotransposons are generally
transcribed in the grasses and other plants, and whether the various
families of elements are translationally and integrationally active in
multiple grass species. A systematic search of 7.8 × 105 publicly available expressed sequence tags from plants
revealed widespread retrotransposon transcripts at a frequency of one
in 1,000. Monocot retrotransposons found relatively more expressed sequence tags from non-source species than did those of dicots. Antibodies were raised to the capsid protein, GAG, of
BARE-1, a transcribed and translated
copia-like retrotransposon of barley (Hordeum
vulgare). These detected immunoreactive proteins of sizes identical to those of the BARE-1 GAG and polyprotein,
respectively, in other species of the tribe Triticeae as well as in
oats (Avena sativa) and rice (Oryza
sativa). Retrotransposon-based markers showed integrational
polymorphisms for BARE-1 in different subfamilies of the
Graminae. The results suggest that grasses share families of
transcriptionally, translationally, and integrationally active retrotransposons, enabling a comparative and integrative approach to
understanding the life cycle of retrotransposons and their impact on
the genome.
2
This author also is affiliated at the present time with
the Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail alan.schulman{at}helsinki.fi; fax
358-9-191-58952.
© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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