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Plant Physiol, March 2001, Vol. 125, pp. 1459-1472
Malate-Permeable Channels and Cation Channels Activated by
Aluminum in the Apical Cells of Wheat Roots1
Wen-Hao
Zhang,*
Peter R.
Ryan, and
Stephen D.
Tyerman
School of Biological Sciences, The Flinders University of South
Australia, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
(W.-H.Z., S.D.T.); and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, Australian
Capital Territory 2601, Australia (P.R.R.)
Aluminum (Al3+)-dependent efflux of malate from root
apices is a mechanism for Al3+ tolerance in wheat
(Triticum aestivum). The malate anions protect the
sensitive root tips by chelating the toxic Al3+ cations in
the rhizosphere to form non-toxic complexes. Activation of
malate-permeable channels in the plasma membrane could be critical in
regulating this malate efflux. We examined this by investigating Al3+-activated channels in protoplasts from root apices of
near-isogenic wheat differing in Al3+ tolerance at a single
locus. Using whole-cell patch clamp we found that Al3+
stimulated an electrical current carried by anion efflux across the
plasma membrane in the Al3+-tolerant (ET8) and
Al3+-sensitive (ES8) genotypes. This current occurred more
frequently, had a greater current density, and remained active for
longer in ET8 protoplasts than for ES8 protoplasts. The
Al3+-activated current exhibited higher permeability to
malate2 than to Cl
(Pmal/PCl  2.6) and was inhibited by anion channel antagonists, niflumate and
diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid. In ET8, but not ES8, protoplasts an
outward-rectifying K+ current was activated in the presence
of Al3+ when cAMP was included in the pipette solution.
These findings provide evidence that the difference in
Al3+-induced malate efflux between
Al3+-tolerant and Al3+-sensitive genotypes lies
in the differing capacity for Al3+ to activate malate
permeable channels and cation channels for sustained malate release.
1
This study was funded by the Australian Research Council.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail wenhao.zhang{at}flinders.edu.au; fax
618-8201-3015.
© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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