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Plant Physiol, April 2001, Vol. 125, pp. 1880-1890
N-Acetylglucosamine and Glucosamine-Containing
Arabinogalactan Proteins Control Somatic
Embryogenesis1
Arjon J.
van Hengel,2
Zewdie
Tadesse,
Peter
Immerzeel,
Henk
Schols,
Ab
van Kammen, and
Sacco C.
de
Vries*
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences
(A.J.V.H., Z.T., P.I., A.v.K., S.C.D.V.), and Laboratory of Food
Technology, Department of Food and Agrotechnology (H.S.), Wageningen
University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
In plants, complete embryos can develop not only from the zygote,
but also from somatic cells in tissue culture. How somatic cells
undergo the change in fate to become embryogenic is largely unknown.
Proteins, secreted into the culture medium such as endochitinases and
arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are required for somatic embryogenesis. Here we show that carrot (Daucus carota) AGPs can
contain glucosamine and
N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl and are sensitive to
endochitinase cleavage. To determine the relevance of this observation
for embryogenesis, an assay was developed based on the enzymatic
removal of the cell wall from cultured cells. The resulting protoplasts
had a reduced capacity for somatic embryogenesis, which could be
partially restored by adding endochitinases to the protoplasts. AGPs
from culture medium or from immature seeds could fully restore or even
increase embryogenesis. AGPs pretreated with chitinases were more
active than untreated molecules and required an intact carbohydrate
constituent for activity. AGPs were only capable of promoting
embryogenesis from protoplasts in a short period preceding cell wall
reformation. Apart from the increase in embryogenesis, AGPs can
reinitiate cell division in a subpopulation of otherwise non-dividing
protoplasts. These results show that chitinase-modified AGPs are
extracellular matrix molecules able to control or maintain plant cell fate.
1
This work was supported by the Netherlands
Organisation for Research and the European Union Biotechnology Program
(project no. BIO 4 CT 960689).
2
Present address: Department of Cell Biology, John Innes
Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail sacco.devries{at}mac.mb.wau.nl; fax
31-317-483584.
© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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