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Plant Physiol, May 2001, Vol. 126, pp. 27-31
In Vivo Observation of Cavitation and Embolism Repair Using
Magnetic Resonance Imaging1,[w]
N. Michele
Holbrook,*
Eric T.
Ahrens,
Michael J.
Burns,2 and
Maciej A.
Zwieniecki
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H., M.A.Z.); Department
of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213 (E.T.A.); and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 (M.J.B.)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to noninvasively monitor
the status of individual xylem vessels in the stem of an intact,
transpiring grape (Vitis vinifera) plant over a period of approximately 40 h. Proton density-weighted MRI was used to visualize the distribution of mobile water in the stem and individual xylem vessels were scored as either water or gas filled (i.e. embolized). The number of water-filled vessels decreased during the
first 24 h of the experiment, indicating that approximately 10 vessels had cavitated during this time. Leaf water potentials decreased
from  1.25 to 2.1 MPa during the same period. Watering increased
leaf water potentials to 0.25 MPa and prevented any further
cavitation. Refilling of xylem vessels occurred as soon as the lights
were switched off, with the majority of vessels becoming refilled with
water during the first 2 to 3 h in darkness. These measurements
demonstrate that MRI can be used to monitor the functional status of
individual xylem vessels, providing the first method to study the
process of cavitation and embolism repair in intact plants.
1
This work was supported by the Andrew W. Mellon
Foundation, by the National Science Foundation (grant no. IBN 0078155),
and by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (grant no. NRICGP 9800878). Core support for the imaging system was provided in part by the Human
Brain Project (grant no. DA08944), with contributions from the National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Mental Health
(grant no. MH61223), and the National Center for Research Resources
(grant no. RR13625).
2
Present address: Revise, Inc., 79 Second Avenue,
Burlington, MA 01803.
[w]
The online version of this article contains Web-only
data. The supplemental material is available at www.plantphysiol.org.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail holbrook{at}oeb.harvard.edu; fax
617-496-5854.
© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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