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Plant Physiol, May 2001, Vol. 126, pp. 411-420
Possible Involvement of Protein Phosphorylation in
Aluminum-Responsive Malate Efflux from Wheat Root
Apex1
Hiroki
Osawa and
Hideaki
Matsumoto*
Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1
Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (H.O., H.M.); and Bio-Oriented
Technology Research Advancement Institution, 1-40-2 Nisshin-cho,
Omiya 331-8537, Japan (H.O.)
In many plants, efflux of organic anions from roots has been
proposed as one of the major Al resistance mechanisms. However it
remains unknown how plants regulate efflux of organic anions in
response to Al. In this study, the regulatory mechanisms of Al-responsive malate efflux in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
were characterized focusing on the role of protein phosphorylation. Al-resistant wheat (cv Atlas) initiated malate efflux at 5 min after
addition of Al, and this response was sensitive to temperature. K-252a,
a broad range inhibitor of protein kinases, effectively blocked the
Al-induced malate efflux accompanied with an increased accumulation of
Al and intensified Al-induced root growth inhibition. A transient
activation of a 48-kD protein kinase and an irreversible repression of
a 42-kD protein kinase were observed preceding the initiation of malate
efflux, and these changes were canceled by K-252a. Malate efflux was
accompanied with a rapid decrease in the contents of organic anions in
the root apex, such as citrate, succinate, and malate but with no
change in the contents of inorganic anions such as chloride, nitrate,
and phosphate. These results suggest that protein phosphorylation is
involved in the Al-responsive malate efflux in the wheat root apex and
that the organic anion-specific channel might be a terminal target that
responds to Al signaling mediated by phosphorylation.
1
This work was supported by the Program for
Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences
(PROBRAIN) from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of
Japan (to H.M.); by a Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (A)
from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (grant no. 11306006 to H.M.); and by the Ohara Foundation for
Agricultural Sciences.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail hmatsumo{at}rib.okayama-u.ac.jp; Fax
81-86-434-1210.
© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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