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Plant Physiol, July 2001, Vol. 126, pp. 1281-1290

Superoxide Production by Plant Homologues of the gp91phox NADPH Oxidase. Modulation of Activity by Calcium and by Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection1

Moshe Sagi2 and Robert Fluhr*

Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel

Genes encoding homologs of the gp91phox subunit of the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase complex have been identified in plants and are hypothesized to be a source of reactive oxygen species during defense responses. However, the direct involvement of the gene products in superoxide (O2-) production has yet to be shown. A novel activity gel assay based on protein fractionation in native or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-denaturing polyacrylamide gels was developed. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, one or two major O2--producing formazan bands were detected in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv Moneymaker) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun, NN) plasma membranes, respectively. Denaturing fractionation of tomato and tobacco plasma membrane in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by regeneration of the in-gel activity, revealed NADPH-dependent O2--producing formazan bands of 106-, 103-, and 80- to 75-kD molecular masses. The SDS and native activity bands were dependent on NADPH and completely inhibited by diphenylene iodonium or CuZn- O2- dismutase, indicating that the formazan precipitates were due to reduction by O2- radicals catalyzed by an NADPH-dependent flavin containing enzyme. The source of the plasma membrane activity bands was confirmed by their cross-reaction with antibody prepared from the C terminus of the tomato gp91phox homolog. Membrane extracts as well as the in-gel NADPH oxidase activities were stimulated in the presence of Ca2+. In addition, the relative activity of the gp91phox homolog was enhanced in the plasma membrane of tobacco mosaic virus-infected leaves. Thus, in contrast to the mammalian gp91phox, the plant homolog can produce O2- in the absence of additional cytosolic components and is stimulated directly by Ca2+.

1 This work was supported by a grant from the Israeli Ministry of Science, Culture, and Sport, within the cooperation program between the Ministry of Science and Technology of South Korea; and by the Minerva Foundation, Germany.

2 Present address: The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.

* Corresponding author; e-mail Robert.Fluhr{at}weizmann.ac.il; fax 972-8-9344181.

© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists


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