|
Plant Physiol, October 2001, Vol. 127, pp. 551-565
Cell Wall Architecture of the Elongating Maize
Coleoptile1
Nicholas C.
Carpita,
Marianne
Defernez,
Kim
Findlay,
Brian
Wells,
Douglas A.
Shoue,
Gareth
Catchpole,
Reginald H.
Wilson, and
Maureen C.
McCann*
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1155 (N.C.C., D.A.S.); Department of Food
Metrology, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney,
Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom (M.D., G.C., R.H.W.); and Department of
Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research
Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (K.F., B.W.,
M.C.M.)
The primary walls of grasses are composed of cellulose
microfibrils, glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAXs), and mixed-linkage
 -glucans, together with smaller amounts of xyloglucans,
glucomannans, pectins, and a network of polyphenolic substances.
Chemical imaging by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
revealed large differences in the distributions of many chemical
species between different tissues of the maize (Zea
mays) coleoptile. This was confirmed by chemical analyses of
isolated outer epidermal tissues compared with mesophyll-enriched
preparations. Glucomannans and esterified uronic acids were more
abundant in the epidermis, whereas -glucans were more abundant in
the mesophyll cells. The localization of -glucan was confirmed by
immunocytochemistry in the electron microscope and quantitative
biochemical assays. We used field emission scanning electron
microscopy, infrared microspectroscopy, and biochemical
characterization of sequentially extracted polymers to further
characterize the cell wall architecture of the epidermis. Oxidation of
the phenolic network followed by dilute NaOH extraction widened the
pores of the wall substantially and permitted observation by scanning
electron microscopy of up to six distinct microfibrillar lamellae.
Sequential chemical extraction of specific polysaccharides together
with enzymic digestion of -glucans allowed us to distinguish two
distinct domains in the grass primary wall. First, a
-glucan-enriched domain, coextensive with GAXs of low degrees of
arabinosyl substitution and glucomannans, is tightly associated around
microfibrils. Second, a GAX that is more highly substituted with
arabinosyl residues and additional glucomannan provides an interstitial
domain that interconnects the -glucan-coated microfibrils.
Implications for current models that attempt to explain the biochemical
and biophysical mechanism of wall loosening during cell growth are discussed.
1
This work was supported by the U.S. Department
of Energy, Energy Biosciences (grant to N.C.C.), by the Biotechnology
and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant to R.H.W. and M.C.M.),
and by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (to M.C.M.). This is journal paper no. 16,541 of the Purdue University Agriculture Experiment Station.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail maureen.mccann{at}bbsrc.ac.uk; fax
44-1603-450-022.
© 2001 American Society of Plant Physiologists
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
P.-J. Cao, L. E. Bartley, K.-H. Jung, and P. C. Ronald
Construction of a Rice Glycosyltransferase Phylogenomic Database and Identification of Rice-Diverged Glycosyltransferases
Mol Plant,
September 1, 2008;
1(5):
858 - 877.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Burton, S. A. Jobling, A. J. Harvey, N. J. Shirley, D. E. Mather, A. Bacic, and G. B. Fincher
The Genetics and Transcriptional Profiles of the Cellulose Synthase-Like HvCslF Gene Family in Barley
Plant Physiology,
April 1, 2008;
146(4):
1821 - 1833.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sindhu, T. Langewisch, A. Olek, D. S. Multani, M. C. McCann, W. Vermerris, N. C. Carpita, and G. Johal
Maize Brittle stalk2 Encodes a COBRA-Like Protein Expressed in Early Organ Development But Required for Tissue Flexibility at Maturity
Plant Physiology,
December 1, 2007;
145(4):
1444 - 1459.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hrmova, V. Farkas, J. Lahnstein, and G. B. Fincher
A Barley Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferase Covalently Links Xyloglucan, Cellulosic Substrates, and (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-Glucans
J. Biol. Chem.,
April 27, 2007;
282(17):
12951 - 12962.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. McCann, M. Defernez, B. R. Urbanowicz, J. C. Tewari, T. Langewisch, A. Olek, B. Wells, R. H. Wilson, and N. C. Carpita
Neural Network Analyses of Infrared Spectra for Classifying Cell Wall Architectures
Plant Physiology,
March 1, 2007;
143(3):
1314 - 1326.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Yoshida and K. Komae
A Rice Family 9 Glycoside Hydrolase Isozyme with Broad Substrate Specificity for Hemicelluloses in Type II Cell Walls
Plant Cell Physiol.,
November 1, 2006;
47(11):
1541 - 1554.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Fan, R. Linker, S. Gepstein, E. Tanimoto, R. Yamamoto, and P. M. Neumann
Progressive Inhibition by Water Deficit of Cell Wall Extensibility and Growth along the Elongation Zone of Maize Roots Is Related to Increased Lignin Metabolism and Progressive Stelar Accumulation of Wall Phenolics
Plant Physiology,
February 1, 2006;
140(2):
603 - 612.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhu, S. Chen, S. Alvarez, V. S. Asirvatham, D. P. Schachtman, Y. Wu, and R. E. Sharp
Cell Wall Proteome in the Maize Primary Root Elongation Zone. I. Extraction and Identification of Water-Soluble and Lightly Ionically Bound Proteins
Plant Physiology,
January 1, 2006;
140(1):
311 - 325.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. K. Trethewey, L. M. Campbell, and P. J. Harris
(1->3),(1->4)-{beta}-d-Glucans in the cell walls of the Poales (sensu lato): an immunogold labeling study using a monoclonal antibody
Am. J. Botany,
October 1, 2005;
92(10):
1660 - 1674.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Grabber
How Do Lignin Composition, Structure, and Cross-Linking Affect Degradability? A Review of Cell Wall Model Studies
Crop Sci.,
March 28, 2005;
45(3):
820 - 831.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Strohmeier, M. Hrmova, M. Fischer, A. J. Harvey, G. B. Fincher, and J. Pleiss
Molecular modeling of family GH16 glycoside hydrolases: Potential roles for xyloglucan transglucosylases/hydrolases in cell wall modification in the poaceae
Protein Sci.,
December 1, 2004;
13(12):
3200 - 3213.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Fan and P. M. Neumann
The Spatially Variable Inhibition by Water Deficit of Maize Root Growth Correlates with Altered Profiles of Proton Flux and Cell Wall pH
Plant Physiology,
August 1, 2004;
135(4):
2291 - 2300.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Zenoni, L. Reale, G. B. Tornielli, L. Lanfaloni, A. Porceddu, A. Ferrarini, C. Moretti, A. Zamboni, A. Speghini, F. Ferranti, et al.
Downregulation of the Petunia hybrida {alpha}-Expansin Gene PhEXP1 Reduces the Amount of Crystalline Cellulose in Cell Walls and Leads to Phenotypic Changes in Petal Limbs
PLANT CELL,
February 1, 2004;
16(2):
295 - 308.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Urbanowicz, C. Rayon, and N. C. Carpita
Topology of the Maize Mixed Linkage (1->3),(1->4)-{beta}-D-Glucan Synthase at the Golgi Membrane
Plant Physiology,
February 1, 2004;
134(2):
758 - 768.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Knauss, T. Rohrmeier, and L. Lehle
The Auxin-induced Maize Gene ZmSAUR2 Encodes a Short-lived Nuclear Protein Expressed in Elongating Tissues
J. Biol. Chem.,
June 20, 2003;
278(26):
23936 - 23943.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
