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Plant Physiol, January 2002, Vol. 128, pp. 282-290
Unraveling the Effects of Plant Hydraulics on Stomatal Closure
during Water Stress in Walnut
Hervé
Cochard,*
Lluis
Coll,1
Xavier
Le
Roux,2 and
Thierry
Améglio
Unité Mixte de Recherche 547 Physiologie Intégrée
de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier, Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique-Université Blaise Pascal, Site de Crouelle, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 02, France
The objectives of the study were to identify the
relevant hydraulic parameters associated with stomatal regulation
during water stress and to test the hypothesis of a stomatal
control of xylem embolism in walnut (Juglans regia × nigra) trees. The hydraulic characteristics of the
sap pathway were experimentally altered with different methods to alter
plant transpiration (Eplant) and stomatal
conductance (gs). Potted trees were exposed
to a soil water depletion to alter soil water potential
( soil), soil resistance
(Rsoil), and root hydraulic resistances
(Rroot). Soil temperature was changed to
alter Rroot alone. Embolism was created in
the trunk to increase shoot resistance
(Rshoot). Stomata closed in response to
these stresses with the effect of maintaining the water pressure in the
leaf rachis xylem (Prachis) above  1.4 MPa and the leaf water potential (leaf) above 1.6 MPa. The
same dependence of Eplant and
gs on Prachis or
leaf was always observed. This suggested that stomata
were not responding to changes in soil,
Rsoil, Rroot, or
Rshoot per se but rather to their impact on
Prachis and/or leaf. Leaf
rachis was the most vulnerable organ, with a threshold
Prachis for embolism induction of 1.4 MPa.
The minimum leaf values corresponded to leaf turgor loss
point. This suggested that stomata are responding to leaf water status
as determined by transpiration rate and plant hydraulics and that Prachis might be the physiological parameter
regulated by stomatal closure during water stress, which would have the
effect of preventing extensive developments of cavitation during water stress.
1
Present address: Centre d'Etude du
Machinisme Agricole du Génie Rural des Eaux et Forêts, Unité de
Recherche Dynamiques et Fonctions des Espaces Ruraux, 24, Av. des
Landais Boite Postale 50085, 63172 Aubiere cedex, France.
2
Present address: Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne,
Unité Mixte de Recherche 5557 (Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique-Université Lyon 1), 43 bd du 11 Novembre
1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail cochard{at}clermont.inra.fr; fax
33-4-73-62-44-54.
© 2002 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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