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Plant Physiol, February 2002, Vol. 128, pp. 591-602
Gravity-Stimulated Changes in Auxin and Invertase Gene Expression
in Maize Pulvinal Cells1
Joanne C.
Long,2
Wei
Zhao,2
Aaron M.
Rashotte,
Gloria K.
Muday, and
Steven C.
Huber*
Departments of Botany (J.C.L., W.Z.) and Crop Science and Botany
and U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service
(S.C.H.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-7631; and Department of Biology, Wake Forest University,
Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109 (A.M.R., G.K.M.)
Maize (Zea mays) stem gravitropism involves
differential elongation of cells within a highly specialized region,
the stem internodal pulvinus. In the present study, we investigated
factors that control gravitropic responses in this system. In the
graviresponding pulvinus, hexose sugars (D-Glc and
D-Fru) accumulated asymmetrically across the pulvinus. This
correlated well with an asymmetric increase in acid invertase activity
across the pulvinus. Northern analyses revealed asymmetric induction of
one maize acid invertase gene, Ivr2, consistent with
transcriptional regulation by gravistimulation. Several lines of
evidence indicated that auxin redistribution, as a result of polar
auxin transport, is necessary for gravity-stimulated Ivr2 transcript accumulation and differential cell
elongation across the maize pulvinus. First, the auxin transport
inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, inhibited
gravistimulated curvature and Ivr2 transcript
accumulation. Second, a transient gradient of free indole-3-acetic acid
(IAA) across the pulvinus was apparent shortly after initiation of
gravistimulation. This temporarily free IAA gradient appears to be
important for differential cell elongation and Ivr2
transcript accumulation. This is based on the observation that
N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid will not inhibit gravitropic
responses when applied to pulvinus tissue after the free IAA gradient
peak has occurred. Third, IAA alone can stimulate Ivr2
transcript accumulation in non-gravistimulated pulvini. The gravity-
and IAA-stimulated increase in Ivr2 transcripts was
sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Based on
these results, a two-phase model describing possible relationships
between gravitropic curvature, IAA redistribution, and
Ivr2 expression is presented.
1
This work was supported by a National
Aeronautics and Space Administration Specialized Center of Research and
Training in Gravitational Biology grant (no. NAGW-4984).
2
These authors contributed equally to the paper.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail steve_huber{at}ncsu.edu; fax
919-856-4598.
© 2002 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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