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Plant Physiol, May 2002, Vol. 129, pp. 122-133
Overexpression of Polygalacturonase in Transgenic Apple Trees
Leads to a Range of Novel Phenotypes Involving Changes in Cell
Adhesion1
Ross G.
Atkinson,
Roswitha
Schröder,*
Ian C.
Hallett,
Daniel
Cohen, and
Elspeth A.
MacRae
The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Mount
Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New
Zealand
Polygalacturonases (PGs) cleave runs of unesterified GalUA
that form homogalacturonan regions along the backbone of pectin. Homogalacturonan-rich pectin is commonly found in the middle lamella region of the wall where two adjacent cells abut and its integrity is
important for cell adhesion. Transgenic apple (Malus
domestica Borkh. cv Royal Gala) trees were produced that
contained additional copies of a fruit-specific apple PG gene under a
constitutive promoter. In contrast to previous studies in transgenic
tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) where PG
overexpression had no effect on the plant (K.W. Osteryoung, K. Toenjes,
B. Hall, V. Winkler, A.B. Bennett [1990] Plant Cell 2: 1239-1248),
PG overexpression in transgenic apple led to a range of novel
phenotypes. These phenotypes included silvery colored leaves and
premature leaf shedding due to reduced cell adhesion in leaf abscission
zones. Mature leaves had malformed and malfunctioning stomata that
perturbed water relations and contributed to a brittle leaf phenotype.
Chemical and ultrastructural analyses were used to relate the
phenotypic changes to pectin changes in the leaf cell walls. The
modification of apple trees by a single PG gene has offered a new and
unexpected perspective on the role of pectin and cell wall adhesion in
leaf morphology and stomatal development.
1
This work was supported by the Foundation for
Research, Science, and Technology of New Zealand (grant nos.
C06817 and C06X001).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail rschroeder{at}hortresearch.co.nz; fax
0064-9-815-4201.
© 2002 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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