|
Plant Physiol, June 2002, Vol. 129, pp. 516-529
Starch Synthesis in Arabidopsis. Granule Synthesis, Composition,
and Structure1
Samuel C.
Zeeman,2*
Axel
Tiessen,3
Emma
Pilling,
K. Lisa
Kato,
Athene M.
Donald, and
Alison M.
Smith
John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
(S.C.Z., A.T., E.P., A.M.S.); and The Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road,
Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (K.L.K., A.M.D.)
The aim of this work was to characterize starch synthesis,
composition, and granule structure in Arabidopsis leaves. First, the
potential role of starch-degrading enzymes during starch accumulation was investigated. To discover whether simultaneous synthesis and degradation of starch occurred during net accumulation, starch was
labeled by supplying 14CO2 to intact,
photosynthesizing plants. Release of this label from starch was
monitored during a chase period in air, using different light
intensities to vary the net rate of starch synthesis. No release of
label was detected unless there was net degradation of starch during
the chase. Similar experiments were performed on a mutant line
(dbe1) that accumulates the soluble polysaccharide, phytoglycogen. Label was not released from phytoglycogen during the
chase indicating that, even when in a soluble form, glucan is not
appreciably degraded during accumulation. Second, the effect on starch
composition of growth conditions and mutations causing starch
accumulation was studied. An increase in starch content correlated with
an increased amylose content of the starch and with an increase in the
ratio of granule-bound starch synthase to soluble starch synthase
activity. Third, the structural organization and morphology of
Arabidopsis starch granules was studied. The starch granules were
birefringent, indicating a radial organization of the polymers, and
x-ray scatter analyses revealed that granules contained alternating
crystalline and amorphous lamellae with a periodicity of 9 nm. Granules
from the wild type and the high-starch mutant sex1 were
flattened and discoid, whereas those of the high-starch mutant
sex4 were larger and more rounded. These larger granules contained "growth rings" with a periodicity of 200 to 300 nm. We
conclude that leaf starch is synthesized without appreciable turnover
and comprises similar polymers and contains similar levels of molecular
organization to storage starches, making Arabidopsis an excellent model
system for studying granule biosynthesis.
1
This work was supported by the Biotechnology and
Biological Science Research Council, UK (grant no. 208/D11090) and by
the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. The John Innes Centre is funded by a
competitive Strategic Grant from the Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council.
2
Present address: Institute of Plant Sciences, University
of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
3
Present address: Max Planck Institute for Molecular
Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail sam.zeeman{at}ips.unibe.ch; fax
41-31-332-2059.
© 2002 American Society of Plant Physiologists
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
J. Fettke, M. Hejazi, J. Smirnova, E. Hochel, M. Stage, and M. Steup
Eukaryotic starch degradation: integration of plastidial and cytosolic pathways
J. Exp. Bot.,
July 1, 2009;
60(10):
2907 - 2922.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hejazi, J. Fettke, O. Paris, and M. Steup
The Two Plastidial Starch-Related Dikinases Sequentially Phosphorylate Glucosyl Residues at the Surface of Both the A- and B-Type Allomorphs of Crystallized Maltodextrins But the Mode of Action Differs
Plant Physiology,
June 1, 2009;
150(2):
962 - 976.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Kotting, D. Santelia, C. Edner, S. Eicke, T. Marthaler, M. S. Gentry, S. Comparot-Moss, J. Chen, A. M. Smith, M. Steup, et al.
STARCH-EXCESS4 Is a Laforin-Like Phosphoglucan Phosphatase Required for Starch Degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana
PLANT CELL,
January 1, 2009;
21(1):
334 - 346.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hofmann, D. Szakasits, A. Blochl, M. Sobczak, S. Daxbock-Horvath, W. Golinowski, H. Bohlmann, and F. M.W. Grundler
Starch Serves as Carbohydrate Storage in Nematode-Induced Syncytia
Plant Physiology,
January 1, 2008;
146(1):
228 - 235.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Sparla, A. Costa, F. Lo Schiavo, P. Pupillo, and P. Trost
Redox Regulation of a Novel Plastid-Targeted beta-Amylase of Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
July 1, 2006;
141(3):
840 - 850.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. N. Sokolov, J. R. Dominguez-Solis, A.-L. Allary, B. B. Buchanan, and S. Luan
A redox-regulated chloroplast protein phosphatase binds to starch diurnally and functions in its accumulation
PNAS,
June 20, 2006;
103(25):
9732 - 9737.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Niittyla, S. Comparot-Moss, W.-L. Lue, G. Messerli, M. Trevisan, M. D. J. Seymour, J. A. Gatehouse, D. Villadsen, S. M. Smith, J. Chen, et al.
Similar Protein Phosphatases Control Starch Metabolism in Plants and Glycogen Metabolism in Mammals
J. Biol. Chem.,
April 28, 2006;
281(17):
11815 - 11818.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Munoz, E. Baroja-Fernandez, M. T. Moran-Zorzano, A. M. Viale, E. Etxeberria, N. Alonso-Casajus, and J. Pozueta-Romero
Sucrose Synthase Controls Both Intracellular ADP Glucose Levels and Transitory Starch Biosynthesis in Source Leaves
Plant Cell Physiol.,
August 1, 2005;
46(8):
1366 - 1376.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Geigenberger, A. Kolbe, and A. Tiessen
Redox regulation of carbon storage and partitioning in response to light and sugars
J. Exp. Bot.,
June 1, 2005;
56(416):
1469 - 1479.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Rogers, C. Dubos, I. F. Cullis, C. Surman, M. Poole, J. Willment, S. D. Mansfield, and M. M. Campbell
Light, the circadian clock, and sugar perception in the control of lignin biosynthesis
J. Exp. Bot.,
June 1, 2005;
56(416):
1651 - 1663.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhang, A. M. Myers, and M. G. James
Mutations Affecting Starch Synthase III in Arabidopsis Alter Leaf Starch Structure and Increase the Rate of Starch Synthesis
Plant Physiology,
June 1, 2005;
138(2):
663 - 674.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Crevillen, T. Ventriglia, F. Pinto, A. Orea, A. Merida, and J. M. Romero
Differential Pattern of Expression and Sugar Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase-encoding Genes
J. Biol. Chem.,
March 4, 2005;
280(9):
8143 - 8149.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. J. Tetlow, M. K. Morell, and M. J. Emes
Recent developments in understanding the regulation of starch metabolism in higher plants
J. Exp. Bot.,
October 1, 2004;
55(406):
2131 - 2145.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Smith, D. C. Fulton, T. Chia, D. Thorneycroft, A. Chapple, H. Dunstan, C. Hylton, S. C. Zeeman, and A. M. Smith
Diurnal Changes in the Transcriptome Encoding Enzymes of Starch Metabolism Provide Evidence for Both Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Starch Metabolism in Arabidopsis Leaves
Plant Physiology,
September 1, 2004;
136(1):
2687 - 2699.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Ritte, A. Scharf, N. Eckermann, S. Haebel, and M. Steup
Phosphorylation of Transitory Starch Is Increased during Degradation
Plant Physiology,
August 1, 2004;
135(4):
2068 - 2077.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Walters, D. G. Ibrahim, P. Horton, and N. J. Kruger
A Mutant of Arabidopsis Lacking the Triose-Phosphate/Phosphate Translocator Reveals Metabolic Regulation of Starch Breakdown in the Light
Plant Physiology,
June 1, 2004;
135(2):
891 - 906.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Smith, S. C. Zeeman, D. Thorneycroft, and S. M. Smith
Starch mobilization in leaves
J. Exp. Bot.,
January 3, 2003;
54(382):
577 - 583.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
