First published online April 25, 2002; 10.1104/pp.011007
Plant Physiol, June 2002, Vol. 129, pp. 786-796
Reorientation of Seedlings in the Earth's Gravitational Field
Induces Cytosolic Calcium Transients1
Christoph
Plieth* and
Anthony J.
Trewavas
Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie,
Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9 (Room
517), D-24118 Kiel, Germany (C.P.); and Institute of Cell and
Molecular Biology, The King's Buildings (Botany), The University of
Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
(A.J.T.)
The gravitational field controls plant growth, morphology,
and development. However, the underlying transduction mechanisms are
not well understood. Much indirect evidence has implicated the
cytoplasmic free calcium concentration
([Ca2+]c) as an important factor, but direct
evidence for changes in [Ca2+]c is currently
lacking. We now have made measurements of
[Ca2+]c in groups of young seedlings of
Arabidopsis expressing aequorin in the cytoplasm and reconstituted in
vivo with cp-coelenterazine, a synthetic high-affinity luminophore.
Distinct [Ca2+]c signaling occurs in response
to gravistimulation with kinetics very different from
[Ca2+]c transients evoked by other mechanical
stimuli (e.g. movement and wind). [Ca2+]c
changes produced in response to gravistimulation are transient but with
a duration of many minutes and dependent on stimulus strength (i.e. the
angle of displacement). The auxin transport blockers 2,3,5-tri-iodo
benzoic acid and N-(1-naphthyl) phthalamic acid
interfere with gravi-induced [Ca2+]c
responses and addition of methyl indole-3-acetic acid to whole seedlings induces long-lived [Ca2+]c
transients, suggesting that changes in auxin transport may interact
with [Ca2+]c. Permanent nonaxial rotation of
seedlings on a two-dimensional clinostat, however, produced a sustained
elevation of the [Ca2+]c level. This probably
reflects permanent displacement of gravity-sensing cellular components
and/or disturbance of cytoskeletal tension. It is concluded that
[Ca2+]c is part of the gravity transduction
mechanism in young Arabidopsis seedlings.
1
This work was supported by the European
Community (grant no. BIO4-CT97-5080 to C.P.).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail cplieth{at}zbm.uni-kiel.de; fax
49-431-880-4368.
© 2002 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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