First published online August 29, 2002; 10.1104/pp.005389
Plant Physiol, September 2002, Vol. 130, pp. 442-456
Patterns of Expression and Normalized Levels of the Five
Arabidopsis Phytochromes1
Robert A.
Sharrock* and
Ted
Clack
Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 119 ABS Building,
Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3140
Using monoclonal antibodies specific for each apoprotein and
full-length purified apoprotein standards, the levels of the five
Arabidopsis phytochromes and their patterns of expression in seedlings
and mature plants and under different light conditions have been
characterized. Phytochrome levels are normalized to the DNA content of
the various tissue extracts to approximate normalization to the number
of cells in the tissue. One phytochrome, phytochrome A, is highly light
labile. The other four phytochromes are much more light stable,
although among these, phytochromes B and C are reduced 4- to 5-fold in
red- or white-light-grown seedlings compared with dark-grown seedlings.
The total amount of extractable phytochrome is 23-fold lower in
light-grown than dark-grown tissues, and the percent ratios of the five
phytochromes, A:B:C:D:E, are measured as 85:10:2:1.5:1.5 in etiolated
seedlings and 5:40:15:15:25 in seedlings grown in continuous white
light. The four light-stable phytochromes are present at nearly
unchanging levels throughout the course of development of mature
rosette and reproductive-stage plants and are present in leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Phytochrome protein expression patterns over the
course of seed germination and under diurnal and circadian light cycles
are also characterized. Little cycling in response to photoperiod is
observed, and this very low amplitude cycling of some phytochrome
proteins is out of phase with previously reported cycling of
PHY mRNA levels. These studies indicate that, with the
exception of phytochrome A, the family of phytochrome photoreceptors in
Arabidopsis constitutes a quite stable and very broadly distributed array of sensory molecules.
1
This work was supported by the National Science
Foundation (grant no. IBN-9808801 to R.A.S.). This is journal article
no. 2002-25 from the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State University (Bozeman).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail sharrock{at}montana.edu; fax
406-994-7600.
© 2002 American Society of Plant Physiologists
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
K. A. Franklin and P. H. Quail
Phytochrome functions in Arabidopsis development
J. Exp. Bot.,
October 8, 2009;
(2009)
erp304v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Clack, A. Shokry, M. Moffet, P. Liu, M. Faul, and R. A. Sharrock
Obligate Heterodimerization of Arabidopsis Phytochromes C and E and Interaction with the PIF3 Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor
PLANT CELL,
March 1, 2009;
21(3):
786 - 799.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Hu, Y.-S. Su, and J. C. Lagarias
A Light-Independent Allele of Phytochrome B Faithfully Recapitulates Photomorphogenic Transcriptional Networks
Mol Plant,
January 1, 2009;
2(1):
166 - 182.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Wollenberg, B. Strasser, P. D. Cerdan, and R. M. Amasino
Acceleration of Flowering during Shade Avoidance in Arabidopsis Alters the Balance between FLOWERING LOCUS C-Mediated Repression and Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering
Plant Physiology,
November 1, 2008;
148(3):
1681 - 1694.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-s. Hwang and P. H. Quail
Phytochrome-Regulated PIL1 Derepression is Developmentally Modulated
Plant Cell Physiol.,
April 1, 2008;
49(4):
501 - 511.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Khanna, Y. Shen, C. M. Marion, A. Tsuchisaka, A. Theologis, E. Schafer, and P. H. Quail
The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor PIF5 Acts on Ethylene Biosynthesis and Phytochrome Signaling by Distinct Mechanisms
PLANT CELL,
December 1, 2007;
19(12):
3915 - 3929.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Rosler, I. Klein, and M. Zeidler
Arabidopsis fhl/fhy1 double mutant reveals a distinct cytoplasmic action of phytochrome A
PNAS,
June 19, 2007;
104(25):
10737 - 10742.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hiltbrunner, A. Tscheuschler, A. Viczian, T. Kunkel, S. Kircher, and E. Schafer
FHY1 and FHL Act Together to Mediate Nuclear Accumulation of the Phytochrome A Photoreceptor
Plant Cell Physiol.,
August 1, 2006;
47(8):
1023 - 1034.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bancos, A.-M. Szatmari, J. Castle, L. Kozma-Bognar, K. Shibata, T. Yokota, G. J. Bishop, F. Nagy, and M. Szekeres
Diurnal Regulation of the Brassinosteroid-Biosynthetic CPD Gene in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
May 1, 2006;
141(1):
299 - 309.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. McClung
Plant circadian rhythms.
PLANT CELL,
April 1, 2006;
18(4):
792 - 803.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Emborg, J. M. Walker, B. Noh, and R. D. Vierstra
Multiple Heme Oxygenase Family Members Contribute to the Biosynthesis of the Phytochrome Chromophore in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
March 1, 2006;
140(3):
856 - 868.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Froehlich, B. Noh, R. D. Vierstra, J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap
Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Phytochromes from the Filamentous Fungus Neurospora crassa
Eukaryot. Cell,
December 1, 2005;
4(12):
2140 - 2152.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Jiao, L. Ma, E. Strickland, and X. W. Deng
Conservation and Divergence of Light-Regulated Genome Expression Patterns during Seedling Development in Rice and Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL,
December 1, 2005;
17(12):
3239 - 3256.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Shen, S. Feng, L. Ma, R. Lin, L.-J. Qu, Z. Chen, H. Wang, and X. W. Deng
Arabidopsis FHY1 Protein Stability Is Regulated by Light via Phytochrome A and 26S Proteasome
Plant Physiology,
November 1, 2005;
139(3):
1234 - 1243.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. von Wettberg and J. Schmitt
Physiological mechanism of population differentiation in shade-avoidance responses between woodland and clearing genotypes of Impatiens capensis
Am. J. Botany,
May 1, 2005;
92(5):
868 - 874.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Fernandez, P. Gil, I. Valkai, F. Nagy, and E. Schafer
Analysis of the Function of the Photoreceptors Phytochrome B and Phytochrome D in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Cell Physiol.,
May 1, 2005;
46(5):
790 - 796.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Shen, J.-I. Kim, and P.-S. Song
NDPK2 as a Signal Transducer in the Phytochrome-mediated Light Signaling
J. Biol. Chem.,
February 18, 2005;
280(7):
5740 - 5749.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Oh, J. Kim, E. Park, J.-I. Kim, C. Kang, and G. Choi
PIL5, a Phytochrome-Interacting Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein, Is a Key Negative Regulator of Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana
PLANT CELL,
November 1, 2004;
16(11):
3045 - 3058.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Sharrock and T. Clack
Heterodimerization of type II phytochromes in Arabidopsis
PNAS,
August 3, 2004;
101(31):
11500 - 11505.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Weller, S. L. Batge, J. J. Smith, L. H. J. Kerckhoffs, V. A. Sineshchekov, I. C. Murfet, and J. B. Reid
A Dominant Mutation in the Pea PHYA Gene Confers Enhanced Responses to Light and Impairs the Light-Dependent Degradation of Phytochrome A
Plant Physiology,
August 1, 2004;
135(4):
2186 - 2195.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Sheehan, P. R. Farmer, and T. P. Brutnell
Structure and Expression of Maize Phytochrome Family Homeologs
Genetics,
July 1, 2004;
167(3):
1395 - 1405.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. A. Eckardt
Light Signaling Revisited
PLANT CELL,
June 1, 2004;
16(6):
1355 - 1357.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Seo, E. Watanabe, S. Tokutomi, A. Nagatani, and N.-H. Chua
Photoreceptor ubiquitination by COP1 E3 ligase desensitizes phytochrome A signaling
Genes & Dev.,
March 15, 2004;
18(6):
617 - 622.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Somers, W.-Y. Kim, and R. Geng
The F-Box Protein ZEITLUPE Confers Dosage-Dependent Control on the Circadian Clock, Photomorphogenesis, and Flowering Time
PLANT CELL,
March 1, 2004;
16(3):
769 - 782.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Kami, K. Mukougawa, T. Muramoto, A. Yokota, T. Shinomura, J. C. Lagarias, and T. Kohchi
Complementation of phytochrome chromophore-deficient Arabidopsis by expression of phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
PNAS,
January 27, 2004;
101(4):
1099 - 1104.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Millar
Input signals to the plant circadian clock
J. Exp. Bot.,
January 2, 2004;
55(395):
277 - 283.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Hare, S. G. Moller, L.-F. Huang, and N.-H. Chua
LAF3, a Novel Factor Required for Normal Phytochrome A Signaling
Plant Physiology,
December 1, 2003;
133(4):
1592 - 1604.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Monte, J. M. Alonso, J. R. Ecker, Y. Zhang, X. Li, J. Young, S. Austin-Phillips, and P. H. Quail
Isolation and Characterization of phyC Mutants in Arabidopsis Reveals Complex Crosstalk between Phytochrome Signaling Pathways
PLANT CELL,
September 1, 2003;
15(9):
1962 - 1980.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Millar
A Suite of Photoreceptors Entrains the Plant Circadian Clock
J Biol Rhythms,
June 1, 2003;
18(3):
217 - 226.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
