First published online October 3, 2002; 10.1104/pp.003491
Plant Physiol, October 2002, Vol. 130, pp. 808-822
Short Integuments1/suspensor1/carpel Factory, a Dicer
Homolog, Is a Maternal Effect Gene Required for Embryo Development in
Arabidopsis1
Teresa A.
Golden,23
Stephen E.
Schauer,2
Jean D.
Lang,
Stéphane
Pien,
Arcady R.
Mushegian,
Ueli
Grossniklaus,
David W.
Meinke, and
Animesh
Ray*
Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
14627 (T.A.G., S.E.S., J.D.L., A.R.); Institute of Plant Biology,
University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich,
Switzerland (S.P., U.G.); Stowers Institute of Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110 (A.R.M.); Department of
Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 (D.W.M.);
and Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California
91711 (A.R.)
The importance of maternal cells in controlling early
embryogenesis is well understood in animal development, yet in plants the precise role of maternal cells in embryogenesis is unclear. We
demonstrated previously that maternal activity of the
SIN1 (SHORT INTEGUMENTS1) gene of
Arabidopsis is essential for embryo pattern formation and viability,
and that its postembryonic activity is required for several processes
in reproductive development, including flowering time control and ovule
morphogenesis. Here, we report the cloning of SIN1, and
demonstrate its identity to the CAF (CARPEL
FACTORY) gene important for normal flower morphogenesis and to
the SUS1 (SUSPENSOR1) gene essential for
embryogenesis. SIN1/SUS1/CAF has sequence
similarity to the Drosophila melanogaster gene
Dicer, which encodes a multidomain ribonuclease specific for double-stranded RNA, first identified by its role in RNA silencing. The Dicer protein is essential for temporal control of development in
animals, through the processing of small RNA hairpins that in turn
inhibit the translation of target mRNAs. Structural modeling of the
wild-type and sin1 mutant proteins indicates that the
RNA helicase domain of SIN1/SUS1/CAF is important for function. The mRNA was detected in floral meristems, ovules, and early embryos, consistent with the mutant phenotypes. A 3.3-kb region 5' of the SIN1/SUS1/CAF gene shows
asymmetric parent-of-origin activity in the embryo: It confers
transcriptional activation of a reporter gene in early embryos only
when transmitted through the maternal gamete. These results suggest
that maternal SIN1/SUS1/CAF functions early in Arabidopsis development,
presumably through posttranscriptional regulation of specific mRNA molecules.
1
This work was supported by the National Science
Foundation (grant nos. IBN-9728239 and IBN-9982414 to A.R.), and by a
Searle Scholarship (to U.G., University of Zürich).
2
These authors contributed equally to the paper.
3
Present address: Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail Animesh_Ray{at}kgi.edu, fax
909-607-8598.
© 2002 American Society of Plant Physiologists
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