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Plant Physiol, January 2003, Vol. 131, pp. 27-40
Identification and Characterization of the ARIADNE
Gene Family in Arabidopsis. A Group of Putative E3
Ligases1
Christina
Mladek,
Klaus
Guger, and
Marie-Theres
Hauser*
Center of Applied Genetics, University of Agricultural Sciences
Vienna, Austria
ARIADNE (ARI) proteins were recently identified in fruitfly
(Drosophila melanogaster), mouse, and man because of
their specific interaction with the ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes
UbcD10, UbcM4, UbcH7, and UbcH8. They are characterized by specific
motifs and protein structures that they share with PARKIN, and there is
increasing evidence that ARI/PARKIN proteins function as E2-dependent ubiquitin-protein ligases. On the basis of homology and motif searches,
16 AtARI genes were identified in Arabidopsis. Analysis of the position of exons/introns and their chromosomal localization indicates that the AtARI gene family expanded via larger
and smaller genome duplications. We present evidence that retroposition
of processed mRNA may have also contributed to enlarging this gene family. Phylogenetic analyses divides the AtARI proteins into three
subgroups. Two groups are absent in yeast, invertebrates, and
vertebrates and may therefore represent new plant-specific subfamilies.
Examination of the predicted protein sequences revealed that the ARI
proteins share an additional leucine-rich region at the N terminus that
is highly conserved in all phyla analyzed. Furthermore, conserved
consensus signals for casein kinase II-dependent phosphorylation and
for nuclear localization were identified. The in silico-based analyses
were complemented with experimental data to quantify expression levels.
Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we show that the
ARI genes are differentially transcribed.
AtARI1 is highly expressed in all organs, whereas no
transcripts could be detected for AtARI11,
AtARI13, and AtARI14. AtARI12 and AtARI16 are expressed in an
organ-specific manner in the roots and siliques, respectively.
1
This work was supported by the Austrian
Science Fund (project nos. P11001 and P14477 to M.T.H.).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail hauser{at}boku.ac.at; fax
43-1-36006-6392.
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
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