First published online January 23, 2003; 10.1104/pp.011882
Plant Physiol, March 2003, Vol. 131, pp. 952-962
A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of
Medicago truncatula1
Sonja
Kosuta,
Mireille
Chabaud,
Géraldine
Lougnon,
Clare
Gough,
Jean
Dénarié,
David
G.
Barker, and
Guillaume
Bécard*
Equipe Mycologie Végétale, V7R 5546 Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Université Toulouse III,
Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de
Borde-Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (S.K., G.L., G.B.);
and Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations
Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique-CNRS, Boite Postale 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex,
France (M.C., C.G., J.D., D.G.B.)
Using dual cultures of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and
Medicago truncatula separated by a physical barrier, we
demonstrate that hyphae from germinating spores produce a diffusible
factor that is perceived by roots in the absence of direct physical
contact. This AM factor elicits expression of the Nod factor-inducible gene MtENOD11, visualized using a
pMtENOD11-gusA reporter. Transgene induction occurs primarily in the root cortex, with expression stretching from the zone of root hair emergence to the region of mature
root hairs. All AM fungi tested (Gigaspora rosea,
Gigaspora gigantea, Gigaspora margarita,
and Glomus intraradices) elicit a similar response,
whereas pathogenic fungi such as Phythophthora medicaginis, Phoma medicaginis var pinodella and
Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli do not, suggesting that
the observed root response is specific to AM fungi. Finally,
pMtENOD11-gusA induction in response to
the diffusible AM fungal factor is also observed with all three
M. truncatula
Nod /Myc mutants (dmi1,
dmi2, and dmi3), whereas the same mutants
are blocked in their response to Nod factor. This positive response of
the Nod/Myc mutants to the diffusible AM
fungal factor and the different cellular localization of
pMtENOD11-gusA expression in response to
Nod factor versus AM factor suggest that signal transduction occurs via
different pathways and that expression of MtENOD11 is
differently regulated by the two diffusible factors.
1
This work was supported by the French Ministry
of National Education, Research, and Technology (IFR40 grant "Root
Endosymbioses" to D.G.B., G.B., and J.D., 2000/2001), by the Region
Midi-Pyrénées (grant no. 990 090 70 to D.G.B., G.B., and
J.D.), and by the Quebec Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et
l'Aide à la Recherche (doctoral scholarship to S.K.).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail becard{at}smcv.ups-tlse.fr; fax
33-5-62-19-35-02.
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
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