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Plant Physiol, April 2003, Vol. 131, pp. 1661-1670
Arabidopsis haiku Mutants Reveal New Controls of Seed
Size by Endosperm1
Damien
Garcia,
Virginie
Saingery,
Pierre
Chambrier,
Ulrike
Mayer,
Gerd
Jürgens, and
Frédéric
Berger*
European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) YIP team,
Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Ecole Normal Supérieure de
Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National
de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Lyon I, 46 Allée
d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon cedex 07, France (D.G., V.S., P.C., F.B.); and
Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molebula biologie der Pflanzen,
Center of Plant Molecular Biology, Universität Tübingen,
Auf der Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany (U.M., G.J.)
In flowering plants, maternal seed integument encloses the
embryo and the endosperm, which are both derived from double
fertilization. Although the development of these three components must
be coordinated, we have limited knowledge of mechanisms involved in
such coordination. The endosperm may play a central role in these
mechanisms as epigenetic modifications of endosperm development, via
imbalance of dosage between maternal and paternal genomes, affecting
both the embryo and the integument. To identify targets of such
epigenetic controls, we designed a genetic screen in Arabidopsis for
mutants that phenocopy the effects of dosage imbalance in the
endosperm. The two mutants haiku 1 and
haiku 2 produce seed of reduced size that resemble seed
with maternal excess in the maternal/paternal dosage. Homozygous haiku seed develop into plants indistinguishable from
wild type. Each mutation is sporophytic recessive, and double-mutant
analysis suggests that both mutations affect the same genetic pathway. The endosperm of haiku mutants shows a premature arrest
of increase in size that causes precocious cellularization of the
syncytial endosperm. Reduction of seed size in haiku
results from coordinated reduction of endosperm size, embryo
proliferation, and cell elongation of the maternally derived
integument. We present further evidence for a control of integument
development mediated by endosperm-derived signals.
1
This work was supported by the Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon,
and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (with a specific PhD
fund to D.G.), by the Action Concertic Initiative Jeune (French
Ministry of Research; to F.B.), by the Action Concertic Incitative
Développement et Physiologic (to F.B.), by EMBO (short-term
fellowship to F.B.), by the EMBO Young Investigator Program (to F.B.),
and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinshaft (Leibniz award to
G.J.).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail frederic.berger{at}ens-lyon.fr;
fax 33-472728600.
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
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