First published online March 13, 2003; 10.1104/pp.102.016188
Plant Physiol, April 2003, Vol. 131, pp. 1855-1867
The Evolution of CONSTANS-Like Gene Families in
Barley, Rice, and Arabidopsis1
Simon
Griffiths,
Roy P.
Dunford,
George
Coupland,2 and
David A.
Laurie*
John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH,
United Kingdom
The CO (CONSTANS) gene of
Arabidopsis has an important role in the regulation of flowering by
photoperiod. CO is part of a gene family with 17 members that are subdivided into three classes, termed Group I to III
here. All members of the family have a CCT (CO,
CO-like, TOC1) domain near the carboxy
terminus. Group I genes, which include CO, have two zinc
finger B-boxes near the amino terminus. Group II genes have one B-box,
and Group III genes have one B-box and a second diverged zinc finger.
Analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) genomic sequence
identified 16 genes (OsA-OsP) that were
also divided into these three groups, showing that their evolution
predates monocot/dicot divergence. Eight Group I genes (HvCO1-HvCO8) were isolated from barley
(Hordeum vulgare), of which two (HvCO1
and HvCO2) were highly CO like.
HvCO3 and its rice counterpart (OsB) had
one B-box that was distantly related to Group II genes and was probably
derived by internal deletion of a two B-box Group I gene. Sequence
homology and comparative mapping showed that HvCO1 was
the counterpart of OsA (Hd1), a major
determinant of photoperiod sensitivity in rice. Major genes determining
photoperiod response have been mapped in barley and wheat
(Triticum aestivum), but none corresponded to
CO-like genes. Thus, selection for variation in
photoperiod response has affected different genes in rice and temperate
cereals. The peptides of HvCO1, HvCO2
(barley), and Hd1 (rice) show significant structural differences from CO, particularly amino acid changes that are predicted
to abolish B-box2 function, suggesting an evolutionary trend toward a
one-B-box structure in the most CO-like cereal genes.
1
This work was supported by the John Innes
Foundation (PhD studentship to S.G.) and by the Biotechnology and
Biological Sciences Research Council (UK; grant-in-aid to the John
Innes Centre).
2
Present address: Max-Planck-Institut für
Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829
Köln, Germany.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail david.laurie{at}bbsrc.ac.uk; fax
44-1603-450-023.
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
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