First published online March 20, 2003; 10.1104/pp.102.018135
Plant Physiol, April 2003, Vol. 131, pp. 1913-1920
Changes in Photoperiod or Temperature Alter the Functional
Relationships between Phytochromes and Reveal Roles for phyD and
phyE1
Karen J.
Halliday* and
Garry C.
Whitelam
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8
1UG, United Kingdom (K.J.H.); and Biology Department, University of
Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom (G.C.W.)
The phytochromes are one of the means via which plants obtain
information about their immediate environment and the changing seasons.
Phytochromes have important roles in developmental events such as the
switch to flowering, the timing of which can be crucial for the
reproductive success of the plant. Analysis of phyB
mutants has revealed that phyB plays a major role in this process. We have recently shown, however, that the flowering phenotype of the
phyB monogenic mutant is temperature dependent. A modest
reduction in temperature to 16°C was sufficient to abolish the
phyB mutant early-flowering phenotype present at 22°C.
Using mutants null for one or more phytochrome species, we have now
shown that phyA, phyD, and phyE, play greater roles with respect to
phyB in the control of flowering under cooler conditions. This change
in the relative contributions of individual phytochromes appears to be important for maintaining control of flowering in response to modest
alterations in ambient temperature. We demonstrate that changes in
ambient temperature or photoperiod can alter the hierarchy and/or the
functional relationships between phytochrome species. These experiments
reveal new roles for phyD and phyE and provide valuable insights into
how the phytochromes help to maintain development in the natural environment.
1
This work was supported by the Biotechnology and
Biological Science Research Council (UK).
*
Corresponding author; e-mail k.j.halliday{at}bristol.ac.uk; fax
44-117-925-7374.
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
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