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First published online May 1, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.021170

Plant Physiology 132:568-577 (2003)
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists

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RESEARCH PAPERS ON SYSTEMS BIOLOGY/GENOMICS/BIOINFORMATICS

Identification of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis. A Proteomic and Genomic Analysis1

Georg H.H. Borner, Kathryn S. Lilley, Timothy J. Stevens and Paul Dupree*

Department of Biochemistry (G.H.H.B., T.J.S., P.D.) and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics (K.S.L., P.D.), University of Cambridge, Building O, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom

In a recent bioinformatic analysis, we predicted the presence of multiple families of cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GAPs) in Arabidopsis (G.H.H. Borner, D.J. Sherrier, T.J. Stevens, I.T. Arkin, P. Dupree [2002] Plant Physiol 129: 486-499). A number of publications have since demonstrated the importance of predicted GAPs in diverse physiological processes including root development, cell wall integrity, and adhesion. However, direct experimental evidence for their GPI anchoring is mostly lacking. Here, we present the first, to our knowledge, large-scale proteomic identification of plant GAPs. Triton X-114 phase partitioning and sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C were used to prepare GAP-rich fractions from Arabidopsis callus cells. Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis and one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the existence of a large number of phospholipase C-sensitive Arabidopsis proteins. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, 30 GAPs were identified, including six {beta}-1,3 glucanases, five phytocyanins, four fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins, four receptor-like proteins, two Hedgehog-interacting-like proteins, two putative glycerophosphodiesterases, a lipid transfer-like protein, a COBRA-like protein, SKU5, and SKS1. These results validate our previous bioinformatic analysis of the Arabidopsis protein database. Using the confirmed GAPs from the proteomic analysis to train the search algorithm, as well as improved genomic annotation, an updated in silico screen yielded 64 new candidates, raising the total to 248 predicted GAPs in Arabidopsis.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.021170.

1 This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (research studentship to G.H.H.B.), by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Investigating Gene Function Initiative (GARNet), and by the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes (scholarship to G.H.H.B.).

* Corresponding author; e-mail p.dupree{at}bioc.cam.ac.uk; fax 44–1223–333345.

Received January 29, 2003; returned for revision February 27, 2003; accepted March 19, 2003.




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