First published online July 10, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.020008
Plant Physiology 132:1840-1848 (2003)
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Subcellular Targeting of Nine Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Isoforms from Arabidopsis1
Christian Dammann2,
Audrey Ichida2,
Bimei Hong,
Shawn M. Romanowsky,
Estelle M. Hrabak,
Alice C. Harmon,
Barbara G. Pickard and
Jeffrey F. Harper*
Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla,
California 92037 (C.D., B.H., S.M.R., J.F.H.); Biology Department, Washington
University, St. Louis, Missouri 631304899 (A.I., B.G.P.); Department of
Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, New
Hampshire 03824 (E.M.H.); and Botany Department, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 326118526 (A.C.H.)
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are specific to plants and some
protists. Their activation by calcium makes them important switches for the
transduction of intracellular calcium signals. Here, we identify the
subcellular targeting potentials for nine CDPK isoforms from Arabidopsis, as
determined by expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions in
transgenic plants. Subcellular locations were determined by fluorescence
microscopy in cells near the root tip. Isoforms AtCPK3-GFP and AtCPK4-GFP
showed a nuclear and cytosolic distribution similar to that of free GFP.
Membrane fractionation experiments confirmed that these isoforms were
primarily soluble. A membrane association was observed for AtCPKs 1, 7, 8, 9,
16, 21, and 28, based on imaging and membrane fractionation experiments. This
correlates with the presence of potential N-terminal acylation sites,
consistent with acylation as an important factor in membrane association. All
but one of the membrane-associated isoforms targeted exclusively to the plasma
membrane. The exception was AtCPK1-GFP, which targeted to peroxisomes, as
determined by covisualization with a peroxisome marker. Peroxisome targeting
of AtCPK1-GFP was disrupted by a deletion of two potential N-terminal
acylation sites. The observation of a peroxisome-located CDPK suggests a
mechanism for calcium regulation of peroxisomal functions involved in
oxidative stress and lipid metabolism.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at
www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.020008.
1 This work was supported in part by the Department of Energy (grant no.
DEFG0394ER20152 to J.F.H.), by the National Science Foundation
(grant nos. MCB011476 and IBN-9416038 to J.F.H.), by the Human Frontiers
Science Program (grant no. RG0268to J.F.H.), by Syngenta (to J.F.H.), by the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration/National Science Foundation
Joint Program in Plant Biology (grant no. NAGW 3046 to B.G.P.), and by the
National Science Foundation (grant no. MCB 9973770 to A.C.H.).
2 These authors contributed equally to the paper.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail
Harper{at}Scripps.edu;
fax 8587849840.
Received January 3, 2003;
returned for revision February 5, 2003;
accepted April 21, 2003.
Related articles in Plant Physiol.:
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- Peter V. Minorsky
Plant Physiol. 2003 132: 1768-1769.
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