This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Web of Science (29) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Esseling, J. J. Articles by Emons, A. M. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Esseling, J. J. Articles by Emons, A. M. C. Agricola Articles by Esseling, J. J. Articles by Emons, A. M. C.

PLANTS INTERACTING WITH OTHER ORGANISMS

Nod Factor-Induced Root Hair Curling: Continuous Polar Growth towards the Point of Nod Factor Application¹

Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands

A critical step in establishing a successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between rhizobia and legume plants is the entrapment of the bacteria between root hair cell walls, usually in characteristic 180° to 360° curls, shepherd's crooks, which are formed by the host's root hairs. Purified bacterial signal molecules, the nodulation factors (NFs), which are lipochitooligosaccharides, induce root hair deformation in the appropriate host legume and have been proposed to be a key player in eliciting root hair curling. However, for curling to occur, the presence of intact bacteria is thought to be essential. Here, we show that, when spot applied to one side of the growing Medicago truncatula root hair tip, purified NF alone is sufficient to induce reorientation of the root hair growth direction, or a full curl. Using wild-type M. truncatula containing the pMtENOD11::GUS construct, we demonstrate that MtENOD11::GUS is expressed after spot application. The data have been incorporated into a cell biological model, which explains the formation of shepherd's crook curls around NF-secreting rhizobia by continuous tip growth reorientation.

¹ This work was supported by the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research, Division of Earth and Life Sciences (Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Aard-en Levens Wetenschappen, ALW no. 805–33–342 to J.J.E.), by the European Community Training and Mobility of Researchers Program (grant no. FMRX CT 98 0239 to F.G.P.L.), and by the Region Haute-Normandie (postdoctoral fellowship to F.G.P.L.).

² These authors contributed equally to the paper.

^* Corresponding author; e-mail annemie.emons{at}wur.nl; fax 31–317– 485005.

Received February 3, 2003; returned for revision April 21, 2003; accepted May 12, 2003.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. J. Sieberer, M. Chabaud, A. C. Timmers, A. Monin, J. Fournier, and D. G. Barker A Nuclear-Targeted Cameleon Demonstrates Intranuclear Ca2+ Spiking in Medicago truncatula Root Hairs in Response to Rhizobial Nodulation Factors Plant Physiology, November 1, 2009; 151(3): 1197 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Blanco, E. Peltzer Meschini, M. E. Zanetti, and O. M. Aguilar A Small GTPase of the Rab Family Is Required for Root Hair Formation and Preinfection Stages of the Common Bean-Rhizobium Symbiotic Association PLANT CELL, September 1, 2009; 21(9): 2797 - 2810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Yokota, E. Fukai, L. H. Madsen, A. Jurkiewicz, P. Rueda, S. Radutoiu, M. Held, M. S. Hossain, K. Szczyglowski, G. Morieri, et al. Rearrangement of Actin Cytoskeleton Mediates Invasion of Lotus japonicus Roots by Mesorhizobium loti PLANT CELL, January 1, 2009; 21(1): 267 - 284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-Y. Kim, M. Sivaguru, and G. Stacey Extracellular ATP in Plants. Visualization, Localization, and Analysis of Physiological Significance in Growth and Signaling Plant Physiology, November 1, 2006; 142(3): 984 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Karas, J. Murray, M. Gorzelak, A. Smith, S. Sato, S. Tabata, and K. Szczyglowski Invasion of Lotus japonicus root hairless 1 by Mesorhizobium loti Involves the Nodulation Factor-Dependent Induction of Root Hairs Plant Physiology, April 1, 2005; 137(4): 1331 - 1344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Takemoto and A. R. Hardham The Cytoskeleton as a Regulator and Target of Biotic Interactions in Plants Plant Physiology, December 1, 2004; 136(4): 3864 - 3876. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Charron, J.-L. Pingret, M. Chabaud, E.-P. Journet, and D. G. Barker Pharmacological Evidence That Multiple Phospholipid Signaling Pathways Link Rhizobium Nodulation Factor Perception in Medicago truncatula Root Hairs to Intracellular Responses, Including Ca2+ Spiking and Specific ENOD Gene Expression Plant Physiology, November 1, 2004; 136(3): 3582 - 3593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Mitra, S. L. Shaw, and S. R. Long Six nonnodulating plant mutants defective for Nod factor-induced transcriptional changes associated with the legume-rhizobia symbiosis PNAS, July 6, 2004; 101(27): 10217 - 10222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Gage Infection and Invasion of Roots by Symbiotic, Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia during Nodulation of Temperate Legumes Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2004; 68(2): 280 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Esseling, F. G.P. Lhuissier, and A. M. C. Emons A Nonsymbiotic Root Hair Tip Growth Phenotype in NORK-Mutated Legumes: Implications for Nodulation Factor-Induced Signaling and Formation of a Multifaceted Root Hair Pocket for Bacteria PLANT CELL, April 1, 2004; 16(4): 933 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]