First published online July 24, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.024539
Plant Physiology 133:411-422 (2003)
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION
Electrical Potentials of Plant Cell Walls in Response to the Ionic Environment1
Ilan Shomer*,
Anton J. Novacky,
Sharon M. Pike,
Uri Yermiyahu and
Thomas B. Kinraide
Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (I.S.); Department of Plant Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (A.J.N., S.M.P.); Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 85280, Israel (U.Y.); Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beaver, West Virginia 25813-9423 (T.B.K.)
Electrical potentials in cell walls ( Wall) and at plasma membrane surfaces (PM) are determinants of ion activities in these phases. The PM plays a demonstrated role in ion uptake and intoxication, but a comprehensive electrostatic theory of plant-ion interactions will require further understanding of Wall. Wall from potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers and wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots was monitored in response to ionic changes by placing glass microelectrodes against cell surfaces. Cations reduced the negativity of Wall with effectiveness in the order Al3+ > La3+ > H+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Ca2+ > Co2+ > Cd2+ > Mg2+ > Zn2+ > hexamethonium2+ > Rb+ > K+ > Cs+ > Na+. This order resembles substantially the order of plant-root intoxicating effectiveness and indicates a role for both ion charge and size. Our measurements were combined with the few published measurements of Wall, and all were considered in terms of a model composed of Donnan theory and ion binding. Measured and model-computed values for Wall were in close agreement, usually, and we consider Wall to be at least proportional to the actual Donnan potentials. Wall and PM display similar trends in their responses to ionic solutes, but ions appear to bind more strongly to plasma membrane sites than to readily accessible cell wall sites. Wall is involved in swelling and extension capabilities of the cell wall lattice and thus may play a role in pectin bonding, texture, and intercellular adhesion.
1 This work was supported by the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel, by the University of Missouri, Columbia and by the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (grant nos. IS-3120-99R and IS-1425-88R).
* Corresponding author; e-mail ilans{at}int.gov.il; fax 972-3-960-4428.
Received March 31, 2003;
returned for revision May 29, 2003;
accepted May 29, 2003.
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