First published online August 28, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.026252
Plant Physiology 133:748-760 (2003)
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION
Zeaxanthin Deficiency Enhances the High Light Sensitivity of an Ascorbate-Deficient Mutant of Arabidopsis1
Patricia Müller-Moulé,
Michel Havaux and
Krishna K. Niyogi*
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720–3102 (P.M.M., K.K.N.); and Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Cadarache, Département d'Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie de la Photosynthèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique 163, Université Méditerranée/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique 1000, F–13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.H.)
The ascorbate content of plants is usually increased in high light (HL), implying a function for ascorbate in the acclimation of plants to HL. Nevertheless, the importance of ascorbate in HL acclimation has not yet been tested directly. Here, we report on the acclimation process of an ascorbate-deficient Arabidopsis mutant to HL. The mutant vtc2 has only 10% to 30% of wild-type levels of ascorbate, and it is also slightly deficient in feedback de-excitation (qE), a photoprotective mechanism that causes the dissipation of excess light as heat. The vtc2 mutant was unable to acclimate to HL, when transferred from low light to HL. Its mature leaves bleached, and it showed an increased degree of lipid peroxidation and photoinhibition. In parallel, we tested the photosensitivity of an ascorbate-deficient xanthophyll cycle mutant, vtc2npq1, which also lacks zeaxanthin and nearly all qE. The double mutant bleached sooner and had higher degrees of lipid peroxidation and photoinhibition than the vtc2 mutant. This was in contrast to the npq1 single mutant that showed only slight deviations from the wild-type phenotype under the conditions used. These results demonstrate the antioxidant role of ascorbate in the acclimation process to HL and point to the relative importance of ascorbate in comparison with other photoprotective processes, such as specific xanthophylls or feedback de-excitation. The results also provide further support for the proposed role of zeaxanthin as an antioxidant and lipid stabilizer.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.026252.
1 This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative (grant no. 98–35306–6600), by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Science Division, U.S. Department of Energy (contract no. DE–AC03–765F00098), by the Searle Scholars Program/The Chicago Community Trust, and by the France-Berkeley Fund.
* Corresponding author; e-mail niyogi{at}nature.berkeley.edu; fax 510–642–4995.
Received May 1, 2003;
returned for revision May 25, 2003;
accepted June 18, 2003.
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