First published online September 18, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.027169
Plant Physiology 133:910-918 (2003)
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION
Cold Induction of Arabidopsis CBF Genes Involves Multiple ICE (Inducer of CBF Expression) Promoter Elements and a Cold-Regulatory Circuit That Is Desensitized by Low Temperature1
Daniel G. Zarka,
Jonathan T. Vogel,
Daniel Cook and
Michael F. Thomashow*
Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (D.G.Z., J.T.V., D.C., M.F.T.) and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences (M.F.T.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
The Arabidopsis CBF1, 2, and 3 genes (also known as DREB1b, c, and a, respectively) encode transcriptional activators that have a central role in cold tolerance. CBF1-3 are rapidly induced upon exposing plants to low temperature, followed by expression of CBF-targeted genes, the CBF regulon, resulting in an increase in plant freezing tolerance. At present, little is known about the cold-sensing mechanism that controls CBF expression. Results presented here indicate that this mechanism does not require a cold shock to bring about the accumulation of CBF transcripts, but instead, absolute temperature is monitored with a greater degree of input, i.e. lower temperature, resulting in a greater output, i.e. higher levels of CBF transcripts. Temperature-shift experiments also indicate that the cold-sensing mechanism becomes desensitized to a given low temperature, such as 4°C, and that resensitization to that temperature requires between 8 and 24 h at warm temperature. Gene fusion experiments identified a 125-bp section of the CBF2 promoter that is sufficient to impart cold-responsive gene expression. Mutational analysis of this cold-responsive region identified two promoter segments that work in concert to impart robust cold-regulated gene expression. These sequences, designated ICEr1 and ICEr2 (induction of CBF expression region 1 or 2), were also shown to stimulate transcription in response to mechanical agitation and the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.027169.
1 This research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative program (grant no. 98–35100–6999) and by the Department of Energy and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. J.T.V. was a recipient of a U.S. Department of Education Graduate Assistantship in Areas of National Need (GAANN) fellowship.
* Corresponding author; e-mail thomash6{at}msu.edu; fax 517–353–9168.
Received May 22, 2003;
returned for revision June 13, 2003;
accepted July 16, 2003.
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