First published online November 6, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.026039
Plant Physiology 133:1831-1842 (2003)
© 2003 American Society of Plant Biologists
GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
Activation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) Suggests Conserved Protein-Protein and Protein-Promoter Interactions between the Anciently Diverged Monocots and Eudicots1
Paula Elomaa*,
Anne Uimari2,
Merja Mehto3,
Victor A. Albert,
Roosa A.E. Laitinen and
Teemu H. Teeri
Department of Applied Biology, P.O. Box 27, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland (P.E., A.U., M.M., R.A.E.L., T.H.T.); and Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (V.A.A.)
We have identified an R2R3-type MYB factor, GMYB10, from Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) that shares high sequence homology to and is phylogenetically grouped together with the previously characterized regulators of anthocyanin pigmentation in petunia (Petunia hybrida) and Arabidopsis. GMYB10 is able to induce anthocyanin pigmentation in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), especially in vegetative parts and anthers. In G. hybrida, GMYB10 is involved in activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in leaves, floral stems, and flowers. In flowers, its expression is restricted to petal epidermal cell layers in correlation with the anthocyanin accumulation pattern. We have shown, using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assay, that GMYB10 interacts with the previously isolated bHLH factor GMYC1. Particle bombardment analysis was used to show that GMYB10 is required for activation of a late anthocyanin biosynthetic gene promoter, PGDFR2. cis-Analysis of the target PGDFR2 revealed a sequence element with a key role in activation by GMYB10/GMYC1. This element shares high homology with the anthocyanin regulatory elements characterized in maize (Zea mays) anthocyanin promoters, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms involved in activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been conserved for over 125 million years not only at the level of transcriptional regulators but also at the level of the biosynthetic gene promoters.
1 This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (project no. 41397 to P.E.).
2 Present address: A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
3 Present address: Thermolabsystems, Ratastie 2, 01620 Vantaa, Finland.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.026039.
* Corresponding author; e-mail Paula.Elomaa{at}Helsinki.Fi; fax 358-9-19158727.
Received April 26, 2003;
returned for revision May 20, 2003;
accepted September 7, 2003.
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