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First published online December 30, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.035519

Plant Physiology 134:296-306 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists

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CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

MUCILAGE-MODIFIED4 Encodes a Putative Pectin Biosynthetic Enzyme Developmentally Regulated by APETALA2, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1, and GLABRA2 in the Arabidopsis Seed Coat1

Tamara L. Western2, Diana S. Young, Gillian H. Dean, Wei Ling Tan3, A. Lacey Samuels and George W. Haughn*

Botany Department, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4

The Arabidopsis seed coat epidermis undergoes a complex process of differentiation that includes the biosynthesis and secretion of large quantities of pectinaceous mucilage, cytoplasmic rearrangement, and secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Mutations in MUM4 (MUCILAGE-MODIFIED4) lead to a decrease in seed coat mucilage and incomplete cytoplasmic rearrangement. We show that MUM4 encodes a putative NDP-L-rhamnose synthase, an enzyme required for the synthesis of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I, the major component of Arabidopsis mucilage. This result suggests that the synthesis of monosaccharide substrates is a limiting factor in the biosynthesis of pectinaceous seed coat mucilage. In addition, the reduced cytoplasmic rearrangement observed in the absence of a key enzyme in pectin biosynthesis in mum4 mutants establishes a causal link between mucilage production and cellular morphogenesis. The cellular phenotype seen in mum4 mutants is similar to that of several transcription factors (AP2 [APETALA2], TTG1 [TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1], TTG2 MYB61, and GL2 [GLABRA2]). Expression studies suggest that MUM4 is developmentally regulated in the seed coat by AP2, TTG1, and GL2, whereas TTG2 and MYB61 appear to be regulating mucilage production through alternate pathway(s). Our results provide a framework for the regulation of mucilage production and secretory cell differentiation.

1 This work was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discovery Grants to G.W.H. and A.L.S. and a Cell Wall Multi-Network Grant to G.W.H.).

2 Present address: Biology Department, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1.

3 Present address: Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Third Floor, 503 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 1C4.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.035519.

* Corresponding author; email haughn{at}interchange.ubc.ca; fax 604-822-6089.

Received October 30, 2003; returned for revision November 12, 2003; accepted November 20, 2003.




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