This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Supplemental Data Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Related articles in Plant Physiol. Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Web of Science (31) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gao, D. Articles by Plieth, C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gao, D. Articles by Plieth, C. Agricola Articles by Gao, D. Articles by Plieth, C.

BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGIES

Self-Reporting Arabidopsis Expressing pH and [Ca²⁺] Indicators Unveil Ion Dynamics in the Cytoplasm and in the Apoplast under Abiotic Stress^1,[w]

Institut für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D–24098 Kiel, Germany (D.G., B.S.); Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (M.R.K.); Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology (Botany), Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom (A.J.T.); and Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany (C.P.)

For noninvasive in vivo measurements of intra- and extracellular ion concentrations, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis expressing pH and calcium indicators in the cytoplasm and in the apoplast. Ratiometric pH-sensitive derivatives of the green fluorescent protein (At-pHluorins) were used as pH indicators. For measurements of calcium ([Ca²⁺]), luminescent aequorin variants were expressed in fusion with pHluorins. An Arabidopsis chitinase signal sequence was used to deliver the indicator complex to the apoplast. Responses of pH and [Ca²⁺] in the apoplast and in the cytoplasm were studied under salt and "drought" (mannitol) stress. Results are discussed in the frame of ion flux, regulation, and signaling. They suggest that osmotic stress and salt stress are differently sensed, compiled, and processed in plant cells.

¹ This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant nos. SA 359/12–3 to B.S. and D.G. and PL253/1–1 to C.P.) and by the European Commission (grant no. BIO4–CT97–5080 to C.P.).

^[w] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

^* Corresponding author; e-mail cplieth{at}zbm.uni-kiel.de; fax 49–431–880–4368.

Received August 28, 2003; returned for revision October 2, 2003; accepted November 25, 2003.

Related articles in Plant Physiol.:

Peter V. Minorsky
Plant Physiol. 2004 134: 881-882. [Full Text]  

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Y. Fang and D. L. Spector Live Cell Imaging of Plants CSH Protocols, February 1, 2010; 2010(2): pdb.top68 - pdb.top68. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. L. DeBlasio, A. W. Sylvester, and D. Jackson Illuminating plant biology: using fluorescent proteins for high-throughput analysis of protein localization and function in plants Briefings in Functional Genomics, January 21, 2010; (2010): elp060v1 - elp060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Konopka-Postupolska, G. Clark, G. Goch, J. Debski, K. Floras, A. Cantero, B. Fijolek, S. Roux, and J. Hennig The Role of Annexin 1 in Drought Stress in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, July 1, 2009; 150(3): 1394 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Wilkinson and W. J. Davies Manipulation of the apoplastic pH of intact plants mimics stomatal and growth responses to water availability and microclimatic variation J. Exp. Bot., February 13, 2008; (2008) erm338v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Jones, S. E. Lindow, and M. C. Wildermuth Salicylic Acid, Yersiniabactin, and Pyoverdin Production by the Model Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000: Synthesis, Regulation, and Impact on Tomato and Arabidopsis Host Plants J. Bacteriol., October 1, 2007; 189(19): 6773 - 6786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.-H. Tang, S. Han, H. Zheng, C. W. Cook, C. S. Choi, T. E. Woerner, R. B. Jackson, and Z.-M. Pei Coupling Diurnal Cytosolic Ca2+ Oscillations to the CAS-IP3 Pathway in Arabidopsis Science, March 9, 2007; 315(5817): 1423 - 1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. H. FELLE Apoplastic pH During Low-oxygen Stress in Barley Ann. Bot., November 1, 2006; 98(5): 1085 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Md. A. Kader and S. Lindberg Uptake of sodium in protoplasts of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cultivars of rice, Oryza sativa L. determined by the fluorescent dye SBFI J. Exp. Bot., December 1, 2005; 56(422): 3149 - 3158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. PLIETH Calcium: Just Another Regulator in the Machinery of Life? Ann. Bot., July 1, 2005; 96(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. C. HO and P. J. WHITE A Cellular Hypothesis for the Induction of Blossom-End Rot in Tomato Fruit Ann. Bot., March 1, 2005; 95(4): 571 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. H. Wegner and U. Zimmermann Bicarbonate-Induced Alkalinization of the Xylem Sap in Intact Maize Seedlings as Measured in Situ with a Novel Xylem pH Probe Plant Physiology, November 1, 2004; 136(3): 3469 - 3477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]