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PLANTS INTERACTING WITH OTHER ORGANISMS

Effects of Feeding Spodoptera littoralis on Lima Bean Leaves. I. Membrane Potentials, Intracellular Calcium Variations, Oral Secretions, and Regurgitate Components¹

Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (M.M., S.B.); and Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D–07745 Jena, Germany (D.S., A.M., W.B.)

Membrane potentials (V_m) and intracellular calcium variations were studied in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves when the Mediterranean climbing cutworm (Spodoptera littoralis) was attacking the plants. In addition to the effect of the feeding insect the impact of several N-acyl Glns (volicitin, N-palmitoyl-Gln, N-linolenoyl-Gln) from the larval oral secretion was studied. The results showed that the early events upon herbivore attack were: a) a strong V_m depolarization at the bite zone and an isotropic wave of V_m depolarization spreading throughout the entire attacked leaf; b) a V_m depolarization observed for the regurgitant but not with volicitin {N-(17-hydroxy-linolenoyl)-Gln} alone; c) an enhanced influx of Ca²⁺ at the very edge of the bite, which is halved, if the Ca²⁺ channel blocker Verapamil is used. Furthermore, the dose-dependence effects of N-acyl Gln conjugates-triggered influx of Ca²⁺ studied in transgenic aequorin-expressing soybean (Glycine max) cells, showed: a) a concentration-dependent influx of Ca²⁺; b) a configuration-independent effect concerning the stereochemistry of the amino acid moiety; c) a slightly reduced influx of Ca²⁺ after modification of the fatty acid backbone by functionalization with oxygen and; d) a comparable effect with the detergent SDS. Finally, the herbivore wounding causes a response in the plant cells that cannot be mimicked by mechanical wounding. The involvement of Ca²⁺ in signaling after herbivore wounding is discussed.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.034165.

^* Corresponding author; e-mail boland{at}ice.mpg.de; fax 49–3641–571202.

Received October 22, 2003; returned for revision January 19, 2004; accepted January 19, 2004.

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