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First published online June 1, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.039578

Plant Physiology 135:1008-1019 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists

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DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONE ACTION

DELLA Proteins and Gibberellin-Regulated Seed Germination and Floral Development in Arabidopsis1,[w]

Ludmila Tyler, Stephen G. Thomas2, Jianhong Hu, Alyssa Dill, Jose M. Alonso3, Joseph R. Ecker and Tai-ping Sun*

Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (L.T., S.G.T., J.H., A.D., T.-p.S.); and Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 (J.M.A., J.R.E.)

RGA (repressor of ga1-3) and GAI (gibberellin insensitive) are negative regulators of plant hormone gibberellin (GA) signaling in Arabidopsis. The GA-deficient mutant ga1-3 is a nongerminating, extreme dwarf that flowers late and produces male-sterile flowers. The rga and gai null alleles interact synergistically to rescue vegetative growth and floral initiation in ga1-3, indicating that RGA and GAI are major repressors for these processes. However, rga and gai in combination cannot rescue seed germination or floral development in ga1-3. RGA and GAI belong to the DELLA subfamily within the GRAS family of plant regulatory proteins. Three additional DELLA proteins RGL1, RGL2, and RGL3 are present in Arabidopsis. Previous studies provided evidence that RGL2 and possibly RGL1 control seed germination. To investigate further the function of the RGL genes, we examined the expression profiles of all 5 DELLA protein genes by real-time PCR. RGA and, to a lesser extent, GAI mRNAs were expressed ubiquitously in all tissues, whereas RGL1, 2, and 3 transcripts were present at high levels only in germinating seeds and/or flowers and siliques. Using the newly isolated rgl1, rgl2, and rgl3 T-DNA insertion mutants, we demonstrated that RGL2 is the major repressor in seed germination. We further provided evidence that RGA, RGL1, and RGL2 are all involved in modulating floral development. Interestingly, RGL2 expression is regulated not only at the transcript level. We showed that RGL2 protein in imbibed seeds is rapidly degraded by GA treatment and that the F-box protein SLY1 is required for RGL2 degradation to occur.

1 This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (grant nos. IBN–0078003 and IBN–0235656).

2 Present address: Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.

3 Present address: Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695.

[w] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.039578.

* Corresponding author; e-mail tps{at}duke.edu; fax 919–613–8177.

Received January 21, 2004; returned for revision April 2, 2004; accepted April 3, 2004.




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