First published online July 9, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.041699
Plant Physiology 135:1565-1573 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONE ACTION
Spermidine Synthase Genes Are Essential for Survival of Arabidopsis
Akihiro Imai,
Takashi Matsuyama1,
Yoshie Hanzawa2,
Takashi Akiyama,
Masanori Tamaoki,
Hikaru Saji,
Yumiko Shirano3,
Tomohiko Kato,
Hiroaki Hayashi,
Daisuke Shibata,
Satoshi Tabata,
Yoshibumi Komeda4 and
Taku Takahashi5,*
Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060–0810, Japan (A.I., Y.H., Y.K., T.T.); Environmental Biology Division and Biodiversity Conservation Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0053, Japan (T.M., M.T., H.S.); Department of Low-Temperature Sciences, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo 062–8555, Japan (T.A.); Mitsui Plant Biotechnology Research Institute (disbanded in March 1999), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0047, Japan (Y.S., D.S.); Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0812, Japan (T.K., D.S., S.T.); and Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan (H.H.)
The cellular polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are ubiquitous in nature and have been implicated in a wide range of growth and developmental processes. There is little information, however, on mutant plants or animals defective in the synthesis of polyamines. The Arabidopsis genome has two genes encoding spermidine synthase, SPDS1 and SPDS2. In this paper, we describe T-DNA insertion mutants of both of these genes. While each mutant allele shows normal growth, spds1-1 spds2-1 double-mutant seeds are abnormally shrunken and they have embryos that are arrested morphologically at the heart-torpedo transition stage. These seeds contain significantly reduced levels of spermidine and high levels of its precursor, putrescine. The embryo lethal phenotype of spds1-1 spds2-1 is complemented by the wild-type SPDS1 gene. In addition, we observed a nearly identical seed phenotype among an F2 seed population from the cross between the spds2-1 allele and SPDS1 RNA interference transgenic lines. These data provide the first genetic evidence indicating a critical role of the spermidine synthase in plant embryo development.
1 Present address: Research-domain 37, Toyota Central R&D Lab., Inc., Aichi 480–1192, Japan.
2 Present address: John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
3 Present address: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853.
4 Present address: Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan.
5 Present address: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700–8530, Japan.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.041699.
* Corresponding author; e-mail perfect{at}cc.okayama-u.ac.jp; fax 81–86–251–7858.
Received February 26, 2004;
returned for revision April 26, 2004;
accepted April 27, 2004.
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