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First published online July 9, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.041723

Plant Physiology 135:1718-1737 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists

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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION

Salt Cress. A Halophyte and Cryophyte Arabidopsis Relative Model System and Its Applicability to Molecular Genetic Analyses of Growth and Development of Extremophiles1

Günsu Inan, Quan Zhang, Pinghua Li, Zenglan Wang, Ziyi Cao, Hui Zhang, Changqing Zhang, Tanya M. Quist, S. Mark Goodwin, Jianhua Zhu, Huazhong Shi, Barbara Damsz, Tarif Charbaji, Qingqiu Gong, Shisong Ma, Mark Fredricksen, David W. Galbraith, Matthew A. Jenks, David Rhodes, Paul M. Hasegawa, Hans J. Bohnert, Robert J. Joly, Ray A. Bressan* and Jian-Kang Zhu

Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907–2010 (G.I., T.M.Q., S.M.G., J.Z., H.S., B.D., M.A.J., D.R., P.M.H., R.J.J., R.A.B.); Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (Q.G., S.M., M.F., H.J.B.); Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (C.Z., D.W.G., J.-K.Z.); and The Provincial Lab of Plant Stress, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China (Q.Z., P.L., Z.W., Z.C., H.Z.)

Salt cress (Thellungiella halophila) is a small winter annual crucifer with a short life cycle. It has a small genome (about 2 x Arabidopsis) with high sequence identity (average 92%) with Arabidopsis, and can be genetically transformed by the simple floral dip procedure. It is capable of copious seed production. Salt cress is an extremophile native to harsh environments and can reproduce after exposure to extreme salinity (500 mM NaCl) or cold to –15°C. It is a typical halophyte that accumulates NaCl at controlled rates and also dramatic levels of Pro (>150 mM) during exposure to high salinity. Stomata of salt cress are distributed on the leaf surface at higher density, but are less open than the stomata of Arabidopsis and respond to salt stress by closing more tightly. Leaves of salt cress are more succulent-like, have a second layer of palisade mesophyll cells, and are frequently shed during extreme salt stress. Roots of salt cress develop both an extra endodermis and cortex cell layer compared to Arabidopsis. Salt cress, although salt and cold tolerant, is not exceptionally tolerant of soil desiccation. We have isolated several ethyl methanesulfonate mutants of salt cress that have reduced salinity tolerance, which provide evidence that salt tolerance in this halophyte can be significantly affected by individual genetic loci. Analysis of salt cress expressed sequence tags provides evidence for the presence of paralogs, missing in the Arabidopsis genome, and for genes with abiotic stress-relevant functions. Hybridizations of salt cress RNA targets to an Arabidopsis whole-genome oligonucleotide array indicate that commonly stress-associated transcripts are expressed at a noticeably higher level in unstressed salt cress plants and are induced rapidly under stress. Efficient transformation of salt cress allows for simple gene exchange between Arabidopsis and salt cress. In addition, the generation of T-DNA-tagged mutant collections of salt cress, already in progress, will open the door to a new era of forward and reverse genetic studies of extremophile plant biology.

1 This work was supported by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and, in part, by the National Science Foundation (grant no. 0223905, genome program and Research Experiences for Undergraduates support), by the National Science Foundation of China (grant no. 30028015), and by the Purdue Office of Agricultural Research Programs.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.041723.

* Corresponding author; e-mail bressan{at}hort.purdue.edu; fax 765–494–0391.

Received February 26, 2004; returned for revision March 10, 2004; accepted March 10, 2004.


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