First published online August 13, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.042028
Plant Physiology 135:1908-1927 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
Functional Characterization of Nine Norway Spruce TPS Genes and Evolution of Gymnosperm Terpene Synthases of the TPS-d Subfamily1,[w]
Diane M. Martin,
Jenny Fäldt and
Jörg Bohlmann*
Biotechnology Laboratory (D.M.M., J.F., J.B.), and Departments of Botany (D.M.M., J.B.) and Forest Sciences (J.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada
Constitutive and induced terpenoids are important defense compounds for many plants against potential herbivores and pathogens. In Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst), treatment with methyl jasmonate induces complex chemical and biochemical terpenoid defense responses associated with traumatic resin duct development in stems and volatile terpenoid emissions in needles. The cloning of (+)-3-carene synthase was the first step in characterizing this system at the molecular genetic level. Here we report the isolation and functional characterization of nine additional terpene synthase (TPS) cDNAs from Norway spruce. These cDNAs encode four monoterpene synthases, myrcene synthase, (–)-limonene synthase, (–)- / -pinene synthase, and (–)-linalool synthase; three sesquiterpene synthases, longifolene synthase, E,E--farnesene synthase, and E--bisabolene synthase; and two diterpene synthases, isopimara-7,15-diene synthase and levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase, each with a unique product profile. To our knowledge, genes encoding isopimara-7,15-diene synthase and longifolene synthase have not been previously described, and this linalool synthase is the first described from a gymnosperm. These functionally diverse TPS account for much of the structural diversity of constitutive and methyl jasmonate-induced terpenoids in foliage, xylem, bark, and volatile emissions from needles of Norway spruce. Phylogenetic analyses based on the inclusion of these TPS into the TPS-d subfamily revealed that functional specialization of conifer TPS occurred before speciation of Pinaceae. Furthermore, based on TPS enclaves created by distinct branching patterns, the TPS-d subfamily is divided into three groups according to sequence similarities and functional assessment. Similarities of TPS evolution in angiosperms and modeling of TPS protein structures are discussed.
1 This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (funds to J.B.), by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the BC Knowledge and Development Funds (funds to J.B.), and by the Human Frontiers Science Program (funds to J.B.). D.M. is recipient of a Graduate Student Fellowship from the University of British Columbia. J.F. received fellowships from the Bengt Lundqvist Minne Foundation, Sweden, and the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education.
[w] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.042028.
* Corresponding author; e-mail bohlmann{at}interchange.ubc.ca; fax 604–822–2114.
Received March 3, 2004;
returned for revision March 25, 2004;
accepted March 25, 2004.
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