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Interactions between Ethylene and Gibberellins in Phytochrome-Mediated Shade Avoidance Responses in Tobacco¹

Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands (R.P., M.L.C.C., E.J.W.V.); and Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P., L.A.C.J.V.)

Plants respond to proximate neighbors with a suite of responses that comprise the shade avoidance syndrome. These phytochrome-mediated responses include hyponasty (i.e. a more vertical orientation of leaves) and enhanced stem and petiole elongation. We showed recently that ethylene-insensitive tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants (Tetr) have reduced responses to neighbors, showing an important role for this gaseous plant hormone in shade avoidance. Here, we investigate interactions between phytochrome signaling and ethylene action in shade avoidance responses. Furthermore, we investigate if ethylene acts in these responses through an interaction with the GA class of hormones. Low red to far-red light ratios (R:FR) enhanced ethylene production in wild-type tobacco, resulting in shade avoidance responses, whereas ethylene-insensitive plants showed reduced shade avoidance responses. Plants with inhibited GA production showed hardly any shade avoidance responses at all to either a low R:FR or increased ethylene concentrations. Furthermore, low R:FR enhanced the responsiveness of hyponasty and stem elongation in both wild-type and Tetr plants to applied GA₃, with the stem elongation process being more responsive to GA₃ in the wild type than in Tetr. We conclude that phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance responses involve ethylene action, at least partly by modulating GA action.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.045120.

^* Corresponding author; e-mail r.pierik{at}bio.uu.nl; fax 31–30–2518366.

Received April 23, 2004; returned for revision June 9, 2004; accepted July 6, 2004.

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