First published online October 1, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.043612
Plant Physiology 136:3159-3176 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
Expression Profiling in Medicago truncatula Identifies More Than 750 Genes Differentially Expressed during Nodulation, Including Many Potential Regulators of the Symbiotic Program1,[w]
Fikri El Yahyaoui2,
Helge Küster2,
Besma Ben Amor,
Natalija Hohnjec,
Alfred Pühler,
Anke Becker,
Jérôme Gouzy,
Tatiana Vernié,
Clare Gough,
Andreas Niebel,
Laurence Godiard and
Pascal Gamas*
Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (F.E.Y., B.B.A., J.G., T.V., C.G., A.N., L.G., P.G.); Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, D–33501 Bielefeld, Germany (H.K., N.H., A.P., A.B.); and Institute of Genome Research (A.P., A.B.) and International NRW Graduate School in Bioinformatics and Genome Research, Center for Biotechnology, Universität Bielefeld, D–33594 Bielefeld, Germany (H.K., N.H.)
In this study, we describe a large-scale expression-profiling approach to identify genes differentially regulated during the symbiotic interaction between the model legume Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Macro- and microarrays containing about 6,000 probes were generated on the basis of three cDNA libraries dedicated to the study of root symbiotic interactions. The experiments performed on wild-type and symbiotic mutant material led us to identify a set of 756 genes either up- or down-regulated at different stages of the nodulation process. Among these, 41 known nodulation marker genes were up-regulated as expected, suggesting that we have identified hundreds of new nodulation marker genes. We discuss the possible involvement of this wide range of genes in various aspects of the symbiotic interaction, such as bacterial infection, nodule formation and functioning, and defense responses. Importantly, we found at least 13 genes that are good candidates to play a role in the regulation of the symbiotic program. This represents substantial progress toward a better understanding of this complex developmental program.
1 This work was supported by the European Union (project MEDICAGO; QLG2–CT–2000–00676) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant no. BIZ 7). N.H. and H.K. acknowledge financial support from the International NRW Graduate School in Bioinformatics and Genome Research. F.E.Y. was supported by grants from the FP5 MEDICAGO program and INRA. B.B.A. was financed by a grant from the French government in the spirit of French-Tunisian cooperation.
2 These authors contributed equally to the paper.
[w] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.043612.
* Corresponding author; e-mail gamas{at}toulouse.inra.fr; fax 33–561–28–50–61.
Received March 30, 2004;
returned for revision July 1, 2004;
accepted July 3, 2004.
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